2016考研英语基础必备作文范例及写作方法指导汇总.doc

3+1特种试卷考研真相阅读基础90篇写作160篇一、图画作文写作指导考研大作文近十来年考查的都是图画作文，其重要性和可考性是不言而喻的。现笔者就考研大作文中的图画作文给大家介绍几个注意事项。图画作文写作要领英语图画写作第一段是客观地描述图表，由于是客观描述一个相同的图片，绝大部分同学能使用的词汇和句法结构比较类似，相对而言是难以拉开与其他同学的分值的。第二段就是解释图画的意义，出题老师希望我们的考生朋友们能透过图画的表象看到其联系实际的本质，其写作方法多种多样，而阅卷老师往往在第二段能很有效地甄别考生的实际水平。第三段是发表自己的评论，大体上都是对于图画反映的现实情况阐述自己的看法。写法相对也比较固定。写作中考生需注意的细节问题：1. 在考研英语的作文中，大多数都是采用图画的形式来给出话题，因此“描述图画”和“说明图画的内涵”已经成为大家的共识和必须。即便图画再简单，也要进行明确地描述，可以使用倒装句、定语从句、独立结构等丰富的语法结构来拉长句子，使文章首段相对饱满。2. 最好的衔接是语意之间的内在联系，即内部衔接。因此，在写文章之前应该理清自己的思路，使文章的内容具有连贯性，且句意之间逻辑严谨。此外，借助一些表示因果、顺接、转折、举例等方面的衔接词，使句子联系紧密，语流顺畅。一篇文章的段落之间应该也有相应的过渡衔接，这样可使文章层次分明、逻辑清晰。比如点明现象和分析原因之间要有阐明“造成此现象的原因如下”等相关的表述，同时剖析现象后给出建议措施时应该有“既然现象如此严重，那么我们必须”“造成现象的原因已经明确，那么我们”等类似的表达。但同时注意，要巧妙地运用一些衔接技巧来表述，而不是逐句僵硬地进行翻译。此外，必须清楚自己文章语句之间的关系，并了解各衔接词的作用，这样才能选用合适的衔接词明晰地表现语句的逻辑和层次，否则只会画龙添足、适得其反。3. 注意一篇文章中不要出现太多的模板句子，即使是加工改造过的。此外，在加工改造模板句子的过程中，首先要清楚该模板运用的地方以及它自身表述的意思，否则运用不合理会让人啼笑皆非；其次，要注意模板的内容是否充实，不要千篇一律所有文章都出现同一内容；再者，改造要彻底，尽量脱离模板痕迹。另外，需要指出“对一些词语进行同义替换，在名词前添加适当的形容词，形容词和动词前添加程度副词等，使模板句子变成自己的独有表达”，相应的，我们也可以把模板的有效内容换一种语法结构或者句式来表达来扩充内容。4.汉语思维几乎是每个中国人学习英语时都会遇到的问题，因此，消除汉式思维是一个艰巨的任务，没有捷径和技巧可言，只有长期坚持不懈努力才会有所改善。短期内，可以总结出考研英语作文中常出现的表达加以记忆，比如描述图画、解释现象、分析原因、指出利弊、提出建议等；在空闲时间通过大量阅读外刊、欧美名著，观看英文电影或其他电视节目等提升自己的英语思维，尤其是前者，对于自己的写作思维也很有帮助。5. 在单词的记忆方面，需注意以下几点：第一，记单词时不光要记单词的意思，还要注意词语的词性；第二，名词需知其可数还是不可数，动词需知及物或不及物；第三，注意近义词在词意方面的细小差别以及用法方面的区别，尤其注意使用语境、词义大小、情感褒贬等方面的不同；第四，形体相近或者发音相同的单词一定要留意，注意区分，不要写错；第五，清楚同源单词之间的联系和区别；第六，注意同一单词具有不同词性及不同意义的情况，清楚其在不同语境中的不同含义和用法。6. 在语法方面，最容易出错的地方有：主谓不一致，尤其是动词单三与动词原形的混用需特别注意定语从句中引导词在从句中作主语时，先行词与从句分词应保持一致；由于非谓语动词未掌握清楚而导致句子缺少谓语动词；此外，加之定语从句也未掌握好，造成一个句子中出现两个谓语动词；多个形容词修饰同一名词时形容词语序错误，尤其是traditional Chinese错写为Chinese traditional；动词时态的选用不是很合适，或者时态前后不一致；动词的语态错误，该用被动时用主动，该用主动时用被动，或者被动语态形式错误；名词的可数与不可数混淆，可数名词单复数使用错误；代词前后的指代不一致，尤其是物主代词their前面指某些人，后面又指其他人；词语的词性使用错误；介词后跟成分不清，本该使用动名词的地方用了动词原形；此外，不能区分to什么时候是不定式符号什么时候是介词；连词的用法未掌握；此外，还出现以下语法问题：only倒装句未掌握好；动词单三形式的特殊变化有误； 句子成分混乱；介词选用错误；复合词之间的“-”缺失等。同样地，对于常易出错的语法知识点，一定要细心，对于自己未掌握的方面，要查漏补缺，及时巩固。图画作文写作范例：第一部分 图画作文 （四篇）1. 关于爱心 （01年真题） Love is a lamp现象/现状说明段 Love is of utmost importance to us humans. Everybody not only needs love， but also should give others love. As can be seen from the picture， love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than other people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to help them step out of their difficulties.举例段 I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the following example（s）。For instance when someone is starving to death， just a little food and water from you may save his（her） life. Again， when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty， just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish school and change her life. In these case/circumstances you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.归纳结论段 To sum up， we should offer our help to all the needed. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. So when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help， dont hesitate to give your love to him （her）。 I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and that our society will be a better place for us to live in.2. 空气污染（隐形杀手）图画/图表描述段 Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. As is shown in the cartoon， two cars are giving off waste gas and three people are trying to avoid breathing in the poisonous gas by masking their face with their hands. The poisonous gas sent off by factories， domestic appliances and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.意义阐述段 There is no denying that automobiles are indications of civilization， progress and development； nevertheless ， automobiles cause the serious problem of air pollution. Scientists have warned that unless effective measures are taken， the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand. Actually， people are showing a real concern over the problem. For example， there is an increasingly loud voice from the public for firm action against pollution from automobiles.建议措施段Indeed， the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our descendants. In my opinion， we should work out concrete solutions to the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For example， the automobiles should be equipped with a device which can dispose of waste gas so as to prevent it from polluting air. Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.3. 沙漠化图画/图表描述段As is shown in the picture， we can see clearly the relation ship between people and desert. In the left hand picture， people are fleeing from greedy sand hills because they cut down all the trees. The caption reads， As the sand advances， we retreat. In the right hand picture， the people have returned carrying tools， water， and young trees to plant the land again. The caption reads： As we advance， the sand retreats.意义阐述段It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about the importance of trees in water and soil conservation and the need for everyone to fight against the danger of the desertification. In fact， what he is saying is that the sand hills will drive away from the land if we do fight against the sand. If we let this situation continue as it is ， our environment will suffer a great destruction.建议措施段The best way to fight back against the greedy desert in made clear in the second picture. There the local people are actively setting about the task of planting trees to reclaim the land and make it fertile. The fact that there are three people in the picture， each with a different job suggests that working together is the key to success in the battle against soil erosion.4. 商业捕鱼（00年真题） A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing图表描述段 As is shown in the pictures ，with the increase of commercial fishing ，the number of fishes dramatically（sharply） decreased .In one pictures ，there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900 .On the contrary ，in1995 there was only one fish ，with many fishing-boats.意义阐述段 The purpose of this picture is to show us that due （great enough） attention has to be paid to the decrease （decline） of ocean resources .Owing to over-fishing the number of fishes has obviously dropped .If we let this situation go （continue） as it is ，we do not know where fish will be in the future .By that time ，our environment will suffer a great destruction .建议措施段 Therefore ，it is imperative for us to take drastic （effective） measures .For one thing ，we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing .For another ，we should enhance（imperative arouse） the awareness of people that the ocean resources are very vital to us .Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources .Also I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty ，and we will have a brighter future .二、图表作文写作指导图表作文写作攻略 图表作文是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型。这类作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，但实际上只涉及5个方面：描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议，而每次考试只是从这5个方面的内容中选出3个结合在一起。从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。要求考生围绕题目将有关信息转化为文字形式，考生应该具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时会运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的整体情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等做出有条理的分析比较，第三段做出总结或给以简单的评论。表格和图表题型写作要点：(1)考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，认清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，抓住其主要特点，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。(2)考生应该仔细研究图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。(3)图表作文一般采用的时态为一般现在时，但如果图表中给出了具体时间参照，考生则应对时态进行相应的调整。(4)图表作文有一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。(5)图表作文可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和饼形图。除了上述共同要点，考生还应了解这四种图在写作方面的不同特点。表格可以表示多种事物的相互关系，所以考生要对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。曲线图常表示事物的变化趋势，考生应认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系，要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系，旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。(6)列出各段主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开做好铺垫。(7)围绕主题句完成段落的展开。尽量做到主题明确、条理清楚、文字简练。(8)检查与修改。对图表作文的检查与修改应着重看文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致，资料是否恰当。图表作文范例1. 人口增长对野生动物的影响（99年真题）图画/图表描述段 From these graphs， we can draw a conclusion that， with the growth of human population， the number of species has decreased rapidly in America， and some species have even vanished from our planet.原因列军段Why does this phenomenon appear？ There are several possible reasons for this. Above all， as the human population grows rapidly， a growing number of people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die. In addition， although many people look on the wildlife as their friends， some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Even worse（坏）/More importantly（好）， as the result（中性） /consequence（贬义）of the industry， the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The clear cutting has become increasingly serious. So some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.建议措施段In order to protect the wildlife， I have some suggestions. First， the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second， the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third， as for ourselves， we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.2 烟草生产和消费（01年大纲样题）现象/现状说明段The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.利弊说明段Personally， I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly， smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer， heart diseases and so on. According to the survey， tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population， and among them， three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 143.64 billion pounds in 1994 to 142 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly， tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures， 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously， the total loss of money aroun the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.归纳结论段In conclusion， as the economic development aims at making our life better， we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses， the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban.3. 日用花销统计Statistics in Peoples Daily Expenses in XianYearItem 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Food 66% 61% 48% 41% 36%Clothing 9% 10% 12% 15% 18%Recreation 4% 5% 8% 9% 11%图画/图表描述段What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xi an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.原因列军段There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an essential one in the five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays an important part in the less expense on food. Hence， a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expense. Another one is the changes in life style. When food presents no worry to the average， people begin to focus more of interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift， spending on clothing and recreation increased year after year.趋势预测段From the analyses made above， we may come to the conclusion that peoples living standards in Xi an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With the further growth in economy and more changes in life style， the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the table will continue in the better direction.三、小作文书信写作指导书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函(Business Letter or Official Correspondence)和私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。值得注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。一、书信的写作格式英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。下面我们将逐个进行介绍。1. 关于发信日期的写法，应注意以下几点： 年份应完全写出，不能简写。 月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。 月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短，不可缩写。 写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，.28，29，30，31等，也可用序数词 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, . 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st等。但最好用基数词，简单明了。2. 日期可有下列几种写法： Oct. 20, 2004 10 May., 2004 3rd June, 2004 Sept. 16th, 2004其中，最为通用。3. 称呼(Salutation)给外国人写英文信时，称呼用语要注意以下几点： 对没有头衔的男性一般称呼 Mr. 。Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，不可只用在名字之前，例如对的称呼，应该是：Mr. 或 Mr. White, 不可是：Mr. Phil。若称呼多个男性，则在姓名前用 Mr. 的复数形式 Messrs. 。对一般以人名为名称的公司和企业常用这种称呼，例如：Messrs. Black and Brothers 布莱克兄弟公司。 对女性一般称呼 Mrs.，Madam 或 Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前，或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用在名字前 Madame 此词可以单独使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前 Mrs. 没有复数形式。若称呼多个女性，则在姓名前用 Mme. 的复数形式 Mmes. 而对以女子名字为名称的公司、企业可用 Mesdames 称呼。 Miss 多用于未婚女子，此词可缩写为 Ms ，用于姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用于名字之前。 对收信人的称呼，也可用头衔或职位的名称，不分性别。例如 Professor (缩写为 Prof.)，Doctor (缩写为 Dr.)，General (缩写为 Gen.) 。这些称呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，如 Prof. (Phil)White等。 对外公函中对收信人的称呼，可用 Gentlemen (而不是 Gentleman)，Dear Sir (s)和 My dear Sir(s)等。Gentlemen 之前不能加 Dear， 后面也不能带姓名。用 Sirs 时，前面常用 Dear 一词，但也可单独用 Sir。若收信人是妇女，则无论已婚或未婚，都可单独使用 Madam 或其复数 Mesdames。 对外国高级官员的称呼，如国家元首、政府首脑、部长、大使、公使和特使等，可用(Dear)Sir， (Dear)Mr. Chairman，(Dear)Mr. Premier， (My dear)Mr. Ambassador，Your Excellency (复数为 Excellencies)。 对君主制国家的国王和皇帝等男性君主，可以 Sir 称呼，对女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主，可用 Madam 称呼。有时也用 Your Majesty 称呼以表示。客气和尊敬Your Majesty 可兼指男性和女性，其复数为 Your Majesties。 对王室成员，如太子、王子、亲王和公主等，一般可用(Dear)Sir 或(Dear)Madam 但在正式尊称时，一般用 Your Highness (复数为 Highnesses)。收信人称呼 ：先生(男人)Mr./Esq.夫人(已婚)Mrs.小姐(未婚)Miss夫人、小姐统称Ms.夫妇俩人Mr.and Mrs.两位或两位以上男子Messrs两位或两位以上女子(已婚)Mesdames两位或两位以上小姐(未婚)Misses常见的头衔(汉英对照)如下：教授Professor博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.)医学博士Medical Doctor(M.D.)总统或校长President主席或董事长Chairman副主席或副董事长Vice Chairman副总统或副校长Vice President首相Prime Minister总理Premier省长或州长Governor市长Mayor参议员Senator大使Ambassador秘书长Secretary General一秘First Secretary二秘Second Secretary院长Director,Dean副院长Vice Director系主任Dean,Head,Chair馆长Chief Librarian,Curator阁下Excellency神甫Father4. 信的正文(Body of the Letter)信的正文每段第一行应往右缩进约四五个字母。在写事务性信件时，正文一般开门见山，内容简单明了，条理清楚。在写私人信件时，信写好之后若有什么遗漏，可用 P. S.表示补叙。5. 结束语(Complimentary Close)结束语是写信人表示自己对收信人的一种谦称，只占一行，低于正文一二行，从信纸的中间或偏右的地方开始写。第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。结束语视写信人与收信人的关系而定。私人和公务信函-常用句式常用的起首语：1) Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.2) Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5，1997.3) A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.4) Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.5) Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.6) In reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say.7) Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on Christmas Eve.8) What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th!9) It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.10) First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to me .11) With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that .12) I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been approved.13) I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.14) I am too excited and delighted at your good news.15) I am very obliged to ;you for your warm congratulations.常用的结束语：1) Awaiting your good news,2) Looking forward to your early reply,3) Hoping to hear from you soon,4) We await your good news.5) I hope to hear from you very soon.6) We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.7) I look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles.8) Your early reply will be highly appreciated.9) Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you.10) The help you give me is sincerely valued.11) I hope everything will be well with you .12) Please let us know if you want more information.13) I hope you always enjoy yourself.14) I wish you very success in the coming year.15) Please remember me to your family.16) With best regards to your family.17) All the best.18) With love and good wishes.小作文书信写作范例：1.咨询信A letter of InquiryYou wish to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter inquiring about the situation there as regards accommodation， fees and qualifications.Dear SirI am a Chinese citizen who wishes to study at your university. My plan is to start my course next term， and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.First， what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university？ I already have a masters degree from a university here in China， but I wonder if there are any furth