GMATOfficialGuide语法考点大总结.doc

整理的OG 10th的语法考点，希望能对准备考G的朋友们有所帮助。注：例句全为正确选项，多看看有利于培养语感。GMAT OG(10th)Sentence Correction Sample Questions1. The Waller stein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women till experience some of the effects of a divorce that occurred when they were children. 考点：从句，一次性行为，与时间相关；分词多次性行为，与具体时间无关；when后面不能直接跟名词，when a child, when children都错。黄金规则15：作后置定语时，定语从句表示一次性行为并与明确时间有关；分词短语强调动作的重复性和多次性，且通常与时间无关。2. Since 1981, when the farm depression （农业衰退）began, the number of acres overseen by professional farm-management companies has grown from 48 million to nearly 59 million, an area about the size of Colorado. 考点：主谓一致，the number of +复N+单V；from to固定搭配，不要用fromup to；同位语优先；无生命的事物通常没有所有格，如Coloardos size 错误。3. Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of danger, and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites. 考点：平行结构，doing, doing, doing and doing; 4. The only way for growers（种植者） to salvage（抢救） frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit. 考点：简单句优先于并列句，并列句优先于复合句；the way +句子/in which+句子/to do sth（做事情的方法）；citrus后为is,所以指代要用it, 且能与growers区别开，避免指代不明。 5. Carbon-14 dating（碳14年代测定法） reveals that the megalithic monuments（巨石纪念碑） in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors. 考点：修饰问题，Ssupposed M P V中，supposed 修饰predecessors; 如果是supposedly ,则修饰Mediterranean, 意思应该为“他所曾经被认为的地中海的祖先”，而不是被认为的地中海；有2000年的时间差异，所以要用older than,而不是as old as.6. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes（诱导酶的产生） that are the organisms attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant（化学刺激物）. 考点：trying有时可以做名词，但作为organisms的宾语，不合语法，故用 attempt，且与enzymes平行，句子中用“are”等同，attempt to try重复；the chemical irritant宾语后置。7. Dr. Hakutas research among Hispanic（印第安人） children in the United States indicates that the more the children use both Spanish and English, the greater their intellectual advantage in skills underlying reading ability and nonverbal logic. 考点： the more the more结构； underlying及物动词，underlie,成为的基础，成为阅读及非语言逻辑能力的基础。8. Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters. 考点：简洁性，用visible equipment代替equipment that is visible, 同时，visible equipment可与后面的unobtrusive equipment相平行对应;主谓一致，equipment后单V；代词的使用，that, those泛指，it特指。9. Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova（超新星） explosion, one they believe to be of a type previously unknown to science.是以前科学所不知道的类型 考点：that的省略，黄金规则第2条：定语从句中的作宾语的that尽量省略；定语从句中主+系即that+ be/which+ be也尽量省略。同位语：one作为同位语，与explosion对应；习惯搭配：believe A to be B;believe + that+ SVO； believe sth. to be n/adj.（宾补，与主补（表语）不同，如本题中,of +抽象名词。10. However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state.无政府主义考点：黄金规则23条：表示强语气的词汇或者短语通常不修改，例如only if, should, however.Agree后的that不能省略。11. Using account of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, “ the good goddess.” 考点：逻辑主语问题，因为后面的主语为scholar,逻辑上应为学者使用，而不是based on account of various ancient writers学者不能建立在某某基础上；C选项故意复杂化；D选项they代词指代不明。12. Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ration of debt （现金流和债务比例的公式）to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses. 考点：代词指代。题干为Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do no established big businesses, because they(从意思上来说应该指小公司，但是这儿的代词指代不明，与formulas混淆) are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.Equilibrium singular, uncountable:a balance between different people, groups, or forces that compete with each other, so that none is stronger than the others and a situation is not likely to change suddenly 13. State officials report that soaring rates for liability insurance are forcing cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.考点：当rates表示prices charged，它后面应该跟for; A、E选项，soaring rates have risen逻辑重复，错误；另外，动词优先原则。14. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings. 考点：estimate to be估计，It was estimated that形式主语；主谓一致，fragments对应provide。15. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguished between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis. 考点：固定搭配，distinguish between A and B; distinguish A from B; ones being通常错；perhaps violent错误，不如which may be violent准确地修饰了mood swings（情绪波动）。Manic-depressive躁狂抑郁症患者；genuine真的，名副其实的，非人工的。16. Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen-to twenty- percent down payment, a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle. 考点：unlike对应词，前后一致，a typical automobile loan与a lease-loan对应；17. Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.考点：时态，at that time对应一般过去式；part of= a part of.18. Hemingways wivesHadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welshwere all strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid（very pale） women who populate his novels. 考点：主谓一致，如果用 Each of Hemingways wives后面要跟was；本句的意思是海明威的老婆都是强壮且有趣的女人，与他的小说中充斥的苍白无力的女人不同。19. In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet. 考点：分词逻辑主语，prep + doing, SVO. 比较结构注意比较对象与助动词；比较对像为wheat与rice各自的蛋白质含量。20. An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate（商业房地产）that investors regularly scour（四处搜索 ）the country for areas in which to build. 考点：sothat引起的倒装，主+ be+ so + adj. + that+句子（ so+ adj. + be+ 主+ that）,此处，so abundant has capital been为部分倒装；a(an) body/array/series/collection/set/group of +复N+ 单V21. Defense attorneys(辩护律师) have occasionally argued that their clients misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.辩护律师有时会说他们的受理客户的不端行为是由于食物过敏（变态反应），但是如果把一个犯罪或不法行为归罪于某些食物过敏，那么犯罪者将实际被告知他们对犯罪行为可以不负责。考点：逻辑主语，ACE的答案为in attributingthe perpetrators，介词+doing逻辑主语要一致；in attributing . behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies. Be attributed to 归因于，归功于，be attributed as无此搭配，错误。22. The voluminous personal papers of Thomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works.爱迪生的发明来源于生活而不是灵感。考点：notbut的形式一致；选项出现的错误有形式不一致，如not in a flashbut evoloved.; 另外，evolve不用被动语态，were slowly evolved错误；另外注意时态不一致。23. A labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force. 考点：the number of的搭配，不能用the numbers of; increase= grow, 两个重用多余；另外，上升不能用被动，was raised by错误。24. The first decision for most tenants living in a building undergoing conversion to cooperative ownership is whether to sign a no-buy pledge with the other tenants. 考点：being通常错，如错误选项中的“being converted” is awkward and redundant; 表达是否做某事，用whether, 比if好；undergo是及物动词，后面接名词。25. The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest whenever they were put on show. 考点：平行结构。三个doing并列，receiving, fetching, exciting26. Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is probably the most difficult to analyze. 考点：表可能性书面语用probably, maybe口头语；开头of all最高级，只有一种adverse change与其他比较，所以用most difficult, 而不是more difficult. 另外，difficult to不定式，主动表被动。27. Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen. 考点：逻辑主语，published 后面应对应的主语应是物，而不是人；代词指代，A and B, who(此时who指前两个人)，应把想指的人单独摘出来。28. The rise in the Commerce Departments index of leading economic indicator suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of the indexs individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter or this year. 考点：suggest此时的意思是“表明”，用非虚拟语气。主谓一致， the rise对应suggests; 错误选项中but后面的that 多余；In the coming months用一般将来时。29. In three centuriesfrom 1050 to 1350several million tons of stone were quarried in France for the building of eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some tens of thousands of parish churches. 考点：错误选项中代词的指代不明，they无所指；另外，quarry sth for sth. , quarry sth from sth. 开采，for表目的,没必要用in order that, so as , so that等代替；另破折号的用法，引出插入语。30. No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era. 考点：根据未划线部分的比较，推出前面也是比较， no lessthan是正确表达；development与后面的use 平行对应；B中的the thing that= what，太繁复，当没有时间标志词时，A中was错误。31. Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak. 考点：改变句子结构，there+ be + a +动作性名词（错误），unlike前后无可比；黄金规则12条：There: there being通常错； there be +a + 动作性名词。通常错，改为动词。 there +be + sth+ done 通常错，而改为sth be done.32. Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been constructed in violation of the citys building code. 考点：逻辑关系，房子要么被摧毁，要么被严重损坏，两者之间应该是OR而不是and,否则句子意思不通；时间关系，房子是倒之前违反了建筑法，所以要用过去完成时。33. From the earliest days of the tribe, kinship determined the way in which the Ojibwa society organized its labor, provided access to its resources, and defined rights and obligations involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources. 考点：平行结构，动宾短语的平行结构。34. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration of wastes. 考点：much of +不可数N+ 单V； many of+复N+ 复V；exposed to dioxins,对应谓语come.35. In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Goghs view of an iron bridge over the Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million, the second highest price ever paid for a painting at auction. 考点：插入语结构，S, ., VO. 在Rhone后面需要一个逗号，将插入语与谓语隔开；sell与be sold是同一个道理； 同位语优先。注：Van Gogh, Vincent 凡高(1853-90) a Dutch painter who went to live in southern France and who helped to develop the style of post-impressionism. His paintings typically use bright colors and have thick lines of paint in circular patterns, and the most famous ones include Sunflowers and Irises. He is also famous for being mentally ill and for cutting off one of his ears and later killing himself.36. Bufo marinus toads（癞蛤蟆）, fierce predators （食肉动物）that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930s in an attempt to control pests in the states vast sugarcane fields. 考点：原产于的正确用法：be native to；另一搭配：in an attempt to37. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a separate, required course. 考点：时态问题，条件让步状语从句中，不能出现将来时，only if it would be taught 错，改为主将从现；Only if等强语气词一般不要动；修饰关系：adv + 分+ 名词（副词修饰分词，分词修饰名词），adj， 分+ 名词（两者均修饰名词），如 separate , required course独立且需要的课程，an old, red car一辆红色的旧车38. Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area. 考点：指代明确，语意简明：错误选项中which and where （前面是物质，不是地点）appear to refer to sediments, and in E it is not clear what consistent describes. In A, C, and E, there is no logical place to which there or its （指代不明）could refer.There与here不常用，用介词短语如“in the area”代替。39. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears（保护武士免受敌人箭与矛的伤害）. 考点：分词表伴随结果，a method to protect是方法，as a protection of罗嗦，to protect不定式前面不能有逗号，此处的意思是“盾shields”做了什么。是use而不是method.40. 40.In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact, and hence the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface rather than at a series of regularly spaced points with no bonding in between. 考点：比较结构,rather than优先于instead of, 形式一致 over与 rather than at对应。41. Under a provision of the Constitution that has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states. 考点：时态问题，“从未应用过”，从过去到现在，现在完成时；Congress is.是主句，如果在它前面放whereby, 会导致整个句子没有主句。Do sth to do sth正确，do sth for doing sth错误；do +代词（如do it）错误，改为 do so.42. The current administration, worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and the failure of our exports to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to sharpen our competitiveness. 考点：worry about固定搭配，worried about is preferable when describing a condition rather than an action.；错误选项中，being错误，增加in that, because of与原意不符；正确答案是两个名词的并列。43. In the minds of many people living in England, before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes, the opposite pole to civilization（文明的相对极，即荒蛮之地）, an obscure and unimaginable place that was considered the end of the world. 考点：时间与句意：Choice A is best, for A alone makes clear that the land now knownas Australia was considered the antipodes（澳大拉西亚地区，与欧洲相反）before it was developed；Before +conj. +句子/ prep.+ n或doing,表时间；there be表示一种自然存在。 44. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy. 通过多普乐超声仪，医生可以检测到怀孕十二周时胎儿的心跳。 考点：逻辑主语，分词位于句首，分词短语修饰紧接着的N或代词；主动优先，未改变句意。 45. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the company manager decided to give her staff a raise. 考点：逻辑主语，分词短语位于句首，分词短语修饰紧接着的主语（或代词）46. A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves (牛) exercise and associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement. 考点：比较级，more quickly正确，quicker错误；than后面的do省略，因为前面有“require”与“gain”两个行为，当会引起争议时，不如不写；主将从现，主现从现均正确； 47. Displays of the aurora borealis, or northern lights, can heat the atmosphere over the arctic enough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce electric currents that can cause blackouts(power cut) in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines. 考点：can heat enough to do and do48. The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily because it lives at great depths- 2,500 to 3,000 feet down. 考点：Because优先原则：As used in choices A, B, and D, the phrases on account of and because of are unidiomatic; because, which appears in C and E, is preferable here since because can introduce a complete subordinate clause explaining the reason why the golden crab has not been fished extensively. 49. The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons （卫星）circling Uranus, doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant planet 考点：it/which/this 都不可能指整个句子；宾语后置： doubling to twelve the number of satellites: doubling the number of satellites to twelve; Be know for his book/ as a writer./ to us/ to do sth.50. A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemedlegally blind. 考点：代词的指代;分号前后应都是句子；代词的主语要一致。51. While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. 考点：not unlike双重否定，强烈肯定，语气不能随便改变；黄金规则6：Like/unlike A, B. A和B需要具有可比性，即概念对等 Be like对； Be unlike对； Do like对； Do unlike错； Like/unlike +句子 错当like表示举例时，通常错，并用 such+ n或such as代替；such as+ n/doing对，such as+ SVO 错。 此处为Jackies courage与Rosas courage对比。52. The rising cost of data-processing operations at many financial insti