英语语言学课件Chapter 9 Phrases and S.ppt

Phrases and Sentences: Grammar,Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up,Mental Grammar,A form of internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately stuctured expressions in that language It is of most interest to a psychologist since it deals with what goes on in peoples mind Subconscious, not the result of teaching,Linguitic Etiquette,The identification of the proper or best structures to be used in a L Of interest to a sociologist, has to do with peoples social attitudes and values,Linguistic Grammar,Involves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, for example Distinct from grammar of Russian or French or any other L Occupies many linguists since the conern is with the nature of L,The Parts of Speech,Page 88,Traditional Grammar Categories,Number Agreement Person Tense Voice Gender: natural gender vs grammatical gender,Traditional Analysis,Page 90,The Prescriptive Approach,Page grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a L sis till to be found today Rules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition. Never begin a sentence with and.,The Prescriptive Approach,Mary runs faster than me. Who did you see? He is the one that I can not put up with. Captain Kirks infinitive,The Descriptive Approach,Well-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all Ls Analysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used,Structural Analysis,Main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms (e.g. morphemes) in a L Method involves “test-frames” which can be sentences with empty slots in them P92,Immediate Constituent Analysis,Designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents,Immediate constituents analysis,Labeled and bracketed sentences,Put brackets around each constituents, and then more brackets around each combination of constituents