2012高考英语考点汇总知识点.doc

2012高考英语考点汇总知识点But在高考中的四个考点解析一、直接考查连词but在语境中的用法即要求考生根据试题的语境（看其是否有转折意味）来确定连词but的正确使用。这类考题通常会将连词but与连词and， so， or等结合起来考查。同学们做题时要注意比较，尤其要注意比较各个连词填入句子后，比较句意的逻辑性和通畅性。如： 1. You have failed two tests. Youd better start working harder， _ you wont pass the course. A. and B. so C. but D. or 2. They wanted to charge $5， 000 for the car， _ we managed to bring the price down. A. but B. so C. when D. since 3. -Somebody wants you on the telephone. -_ no one knows Im here.A. For B. And C. But D. So二、利用but的转折语境考查其他知识点即根据题干中连词but的转折性语境来确定相关知识点的选择。此时尤其要注意前后相关信息的对比、对照或互为相反义。如： 1. He has made a lot of films， but _ good ones. A. any B. some C. few D. many2. Its hard for him playing against me. Ive got nothing to play for， but for him， he needs to win so _. A. far B. well C. little D. badly 3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel， but perhaps I _ have driven her there. A. could B. must C. might D. should 三、考查but的相关结构或句式如考查notbut， not onlybut （also）等句式的搭配和运用。如： 1. Between the two generations， it is often not their age， _ their education that causes misunderstanding. A. like B. as C. or D. but 2. Reality is not the way you wish things to be， nor the way they appear to be， _ the way they actually are. A. as B. or C. but D. and 四、考查连词but与定语从句的相互干扰大家知道，在含有定语从句的复合句中，我们是不能在主句与从句之间使用并列连词的。但是，命题者有时却会利用连词but与定语从句的相互干扰性来考查考生的辨别能力。如： 1. I dont mind her criticizing me， but _ is how she does it that I object to. A. it B. that C. this D. which 2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday， but _ didnt help. A. it B. she C. which D. heBreak常见短语及考点解析1. The computer system _suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. （2006年辽宁卷） A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in2. To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it _ into parts. （2005年湖北卷） A. down B. up C. off D. out3. I was still sleeping when the fire _ ，and then it spread quickly. （2006年广东卷） A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out.以上三题都是考查break短语的用法，本文在此对其做一归纳。 1. break down （1）破坏， 毁掉；Who broke down the doors of our classroom？ 谁把我们教室的门打坏了？ （2） 破除；The old rules must be broken down. 这些陈旧的规章制度必须废除。 （3） 制服；The police tried to break down the prisoners opposition.警方设法制服囚犯的反抗。 （4） 坍塌， 坏掉；Because of explosion the bridge broke down last night. （5）（计划等）失败， 破裂；Your plan has broken down. What a pity！ Why did the peace talks break down？为什么和谈失败了？ （6）（健康、精神）崩溃；After a long time of hard work， he almost broke down. （7）分解This matter will break down in water. 这种物质在水中会分解。 2. break up （1） 解散，驱散。如：The police broke up the crowd （the meeting）。 （2） （学校等）放假。如：When do you break up for Christmas？ 你们什么时候放圣诞节假？（3） 结束，破裂。如：The weather shows signs of breaking up. 好天气看样要过去了。 Their marriage is breaking up. 他们的婚姻濒临破裂。 （4） 击碎，撞碎。如：The ship broke up on the rocks. 船触礁撞毁了。 Lets break up the whole into parts. 让我们化整为零。（5） 绝交。如：Shes just broken up with her boy-friend. 她刚与男朋友绝交。 3. break in破门而入，打断Last night a thief broke in and stole away his camera. He broke in with some ideas of his own.他插了话， 说了说自己的一些看法。4.break into破门而入，突然起来They broke into the prison and set free all the prisoners.。 Hearing the sad news，the old woman broke into tears. 5. break out战争爆发，争吵爆发,（火灾）发生When did the war break out？ 这场战争是什么时候爆发的？ I have heard that a quarrel broke out between them. 我听说他们之间爆发了争吵。 More than one hundred fires broke out in our city last year. 去年我市发生了一百多起火灾。6. break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯You must break away from these old customs. 你们必须破除这些旧风俗。 The dog broke away from its owner and ran away. 狗挣脱了主人，跑了。 Youd better break away from the habit of smoking. 你最好改掉吸烟的习惯。7. break through 出现，突破It was a cloudy day， but the sun at last broke through. Our soldiers successfully broke through the enemys defences. 8. break into pieces破成碎片 The mirror fell to the ground and broke into pieces. 9. break ones word/promise食言， 说话不算数I believe in him，because he never breaks his word / promise. 我信任他，因为他从来不食言。10. break the law/rule违反法律/规章制度Nobody can break the rules of our company. 没有人能违背我们公司的规章制度。11. break forth突然发出，爆发，迸发， 发作The crowd broke forth in cheers. 欢呼声从人群中迸发出来。12. break in two使破成两半 When I hit the ball， my bat broke in two. 13. break the record打破纪录This athlete has just broken the world record in mens high jump. 14. break ones heart使某人心碎，使某人悲痛欲绝To tell you the truth， the bad news broke my heart at that time. 说实话，那时这个坏消息使我悲痛万分。Take高考常考短语及考点解析一、短语归纳1. take after 长相或举止像 （某个长辈）（不用进行时）Mary really takes after her mother； she has the same eyes，nose and hair. 2. take apart把 （小型机器、钟表等） 拆开；拆散；（在体育运动或比赛中） 把彻底打败；对苛求；严厉批评Take the watch apart and see if you can see whats wrong with it. England was really taken apart by Italy in last nights match. 3. take as 看作，认为 （=regard / consider / look on / treat as）I took your nod as a sign of approval. 我把你的点头看作是同意的表示了。4. take away 拿走；使停学，使离开；使消失；减去The child was taken away（辍学） from school. Now Ill give you some tablets to take away（使消失） the pain.Take away（减去） 2 from 4 and you get 2.take away from 贬低 （有益或令人满意之事物）的作用His refusal to accept the prize does not take away from his success in winning it. 5. take back承认说错了 （话） ，收回 （诺言、话语） ；使回忆起； 送回，还回去；退（货）Im sorry I was rude；I take back everything I said. 对不起我失礼了，我承认我所说的全都错了。Seeing that old film really took me back！ 观看那部旧电影的确使我回想起了过去的岁月。6. take down拿下，取下；记下来；褪下（裤子等穿于腰以下的衣物）； 把 （大型机器或大物件）拆成零部件；把拆卸开 （tear down 推倒；拆毁 pull down 拆毁）When the picture was taken down，the wall looked very bare. Well have to take the engine down to get to the gearbox. 7. take in接待 （某人） 留宿； 欺瞒，欺骗； 充分理解，掌握； 把 （衣服） 改窄 （let out加宽，放长，加大）； 包含，包括He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. Dont be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的许诺所蒙骗！It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我费了好长时间才弄明白你所说的话。My dress is a bit loose round the waistcould you take it in for me？ This is the total cost of the holiday， taking everything in. 8. take off脱下，脱去 （尤指衣服）； 解 （拿） 掉（put on 穿上）； （飞机等） 升空，起飞； 休假；歇 （天） 假； 请假； 开始有成就；开始受欢迎；开始成名； 打折扣； （尤指为了逗笑而） 模仿 （某人） 的谈吐、举止等Im taking Thursday off because Im moving into a new house. 我星期四休假，因为我要搬家。It was at this point that her acting career really took off. His shopkeeper took off 5 percent discount for each. 他的店员把每样东西都打折了5%. The actor made everyone laugh by taking off the members of the royal family. 9. take on开始雇用； 开始具有 / 呈现 （某种品质、面貌等）； 露出； 接受 （工作等） ；承担 （责任等）； 开始和争吵 （斗殴、作对、较量等）Weve decided to take on a new clerk in the accounts department.His face took on a worried expression. 他的脸上露出了担忧的表情。My doctor says Im too tired and has advised me not to take any more work on. The trade union made the mistake of trying to take on the government. The bus took on more passengers. 公共汽车搭载更多乘客了。10. take out带 （某人） 去 （某处参加社交活动等）；正式取得，领得，获得； 洗去 （污迹），使褪色Im taking the children out to the theatre tonight. 今晚我带孩子们去看戏。Mary and John took out a marriage license. 玛丽和约翰正式领了结婚证。He took out the pencil marks from his drawing. 他擦去了他的画上的铅笔迹。11. take over接手，接任；接管Who do you think will take over now that the governor has been dismissed？ 12. take to （尤指立刻） 对产生好感，喜欢上；染上习惯 （嗜好等）；到 （某处） 休息；到躲藏；逃往I took to Paul as soon as we met. 我一见到保罗就对他有好感。All this gloomy news is enough to make you take to drink. Fathers ill， so hes taken to his bed. 爸爸病了，因此卧床休息了。13. take up开始花时间从事 （某项活动）；对产生兴趣； 开始学习 （某课程） ，选修； （事物或事件） 占用了 （时间或空间）； 接受的建议； 继续 John took up acting while he was at college. 约翰在上大学时开始喜欢上演戏了。 The job took up most of Sunday. 这项工作占用了大半个星期天。Why dont you take him up on his offer of a meal？ 你为什么不接受他的邀请去吃饭呢？Ill take up the story where I finished yesterday. 这个故事我会从昨天讲完的地方继续讲下去。14. take for / to be （错）当作，以为是 （mistake for ）I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike. 我把他误作是他弟弟，他们很像。15. take a chance 碰碰运气，冒风险16. take a deep / long breath 深吸一口气（以鼓起勇气或仔细考虑）17. take a hand in 干预18. take a load / weight off sb.s mind 使放心 / 安心19. take a risk / risks 冒风险20. take a seat 坐下21. take a vote 投票表决22. take an interest in 对有兴趣23. take steps / measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事24. take action （on） （对）采取行动25. take advantage of 利用；占的便宜；不正当地利用26. take aim （at） 瞄准27. take by surprise 奇袭；出其不意地做某事；使惊奇28. take care 当心 （= look out / be careful ）29. take care of 照顾，料理；处理，对付；当心30. take charge of 负责；接管31. take cold 感冒，伤风32. take control of 控制住，管住33. take delight / pleasure in 以为乐；喜欢34. take effect 开始起作用；开始生效35. take for granted 想当然地认为 （会是某种情况）；认为是理所当然的；认为没有问题36. take for instance / example 以为例37. take hold of 抓住；吸引住38. take into account / consideration 考虑到，把考虑进去39. take it / things easy 慢慢来，不要过于紧张 / 劳累，沉住气40. take it or leave it 要不要都行；要么要，要么不要；不要还价41. take note （of） 把记下来42. take notice （of） 注意；理会43. take notes 作记录；记笔记44. take / come into office 就职，上任45. take ones breath away 令人惊异，令人叹为观止46. take ones chance（s） 碰碰自己的运气47. take ones time 慢慢来，从容不迫48. take pains 费尽力气，煞费苦心，尽力设法I took pains to explain the facts clearly.49. take （the） trouble 费事，下工夫You must have taken a lot of trouble to find out what was true.50. take part （in） 参加，参与51. take pity on / upon 可怜，怜悯 （show mercy to / have mercy on）52. take place 发生，举行53. take pride in （ be proud of） 为感到自豪 / 骄傲54. take ones place 代替某人55. take the opportunity 利用这个机会 I shall take the first opportunity of seeing you. He may take the opportunity to point out that 56. take turns 轮流 （做某事）They took turns to look after the baby. The two boys took turns at digging the hole.57. take sides 支持；偏袒You always take sides with brother without even listening to me.58. I take it （that） 我想；我认为I take it youve heard that the mayors resigned. 二、考点透视1.考查特定语境下的词义辨析、短语搭配。（1） take与其它动词加上同一个介 / 副词的辨析，如06山东卷第34题；（2） take与其它动词加上不同介 / 副词的辨析，如08山东卷第29题、08宁夏卷第34题、08天津卷第7题等；（3） take短语搭配辨析，包括take + 介词 / 副词短语，take + 名词短语，take + 名词 + 介词短语等。2.结合时态语态考查take短语，如06福建卷第24题。3. 结合非谓语动词的用法考查take用法，如03上海卷第39题。三、备考建议1.含take的短语数量众多、词义繁杂，不可能在短时间内突击掌握，所以要注意在平时的学习多积累；在解题时不可生搬硬套，要分析上下文的语境，灵活使用，同时要注意相关知识点，如动词时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词等对题目的影响。2.不仅要注意含take的短语的基本含义，还要注意一些“熟词偏义”，如在课本中没有出现，但在大纲词汇表中有或在阅读中经常遇到的意义和用法。3.对take和其它常见动词，如give / bring / keep / put / break /get / turn等，构成短语进行归纳辨析四、高考链接1. （08宁夏） After studying in a medical college for five years， Jane_her job as a doctor in the countryside. A. set outB. took over C. took upD. set up2. （08江西） I_it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products. A. makeB. look C. takeD. think3. （07 辽宁） Dont be_by products promising to make you lose weight quickly. A. taken offB. taken out C. taken awayD. taken in4. （06 浙江） Were trying to ring you back，Bryan， but we think we_your number incorrectly. A. looked upB. took down C. worked outD. brought about5. （06 福建） Ladies and gentlemen， please fasten your seat belts. The plane_ . A. takes offB. is taking off C. has taken offD. took off6. （06 山东） After he retired from office，Rogers_painting for a while， but soon lost interest. A. took upB. saved up C. kept upD. drew up7. （2004广东） Helen always helps her mother even though going to school_most of her day. A. takes upB. makes up C. saves upD. puts up8. （2005上海） More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays，_ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. takingB. taken C. having takenD. having been take9. （2008重庆） Im afraid I cant return the book to you before Friday._. A. Dont be afraidB. Be careful C. Not at allD. Take your time英语替代词it，one，ones，that，those使用技巧一、 替代表泛指的单数名词替代表泛指的单数名词，通常用 one。如：Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一架新的。Did you get a ticket?Yes， I managed to get one. 注：若 one 前没有形容词的修饰，则其前不能有不定冠词。比较：Im looking for a flat. Id like a small one with a garden. Im looking for a flat. Id like one with a garden.（不能说：. a one with a garden.）没有形容词修饰的 one 前不能用不定冠词，但可用 another。如：This pen doesnt work. I must buy another one. 这支钢笔坏了，我要另买一支了。另外，注意它与表特指的 it 的区别。如：Can you lend me a pen?Sorry. I havent got one. Can I borrow your pen?Sorry， Im using it.二、 替代表特指的单数名词替代表特指的单数名词，可用 it， that， the one。三者的区别是：1. 替代单数可数名词时，三者均可用；替代不可数名词时，不能用 the one，而要用 it 或 that。此时 it 与 that 的区别是：表示同一事物时，用it；表示同类事物时，用 that 或 the one。如：The weather here is too cold. I dont like it.（it 在此指前面提到的 the weather）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.（that 在此指代的天气与前面提到的天 气为同类）My uncle bought me a dictionary and I like it very much.（it 在此就是指前面提到的叔叔给我买 的词典）Your dictionary is more useful than the one my uncle gave me.（the one 在此表示与前面提到的 词典为同类）2. 替代事物时，三者均可用；替代人时，只能用 the one。如：Who is her husband?The one by the window. 哪位是她的丈夫？窗户边的那一位。注：当要替代性别不明的婴儿时可用 it。3. 当有前置定语修饰时，只能用 the one。如：Which do you want?The red one. 你想要哪个?那个红的。She would rather have the small one than the large one. 她宁愿要小的，不要大的。4. 当有后置定语修饰时，通常用 the one。如：My room is better than the one next door. 我的房间比隔壁房间好。He said he would have the one near him. 他说要靠近他的那一个。Is that the one that was published recently? 是最近出版的那一种吗?Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 这里有六枚戒指，选出你最喜欢的一枚。但是，若后置定语为 of 引起的介词短语，则通常用 that。如：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。A grandparents job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任务比父母的任务要轻松一些。 三、替代表泛指的复数名词替代表泛指的复数名词，通常用 ones。如：Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬板床比软床有利于健康。Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。These chairs have the great advantage of being much cheaper than conventional ones. 四、替代表特指的复数名词替代表特指的复数名词，通常用 the ones。如：Id like to try on those shoes. The ones at the front of the window. Are they the ones who moved here recently? 是最近搬到这儿来的那些人吗?Dont buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。注：在口语中，也可用 those 来替代表特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有 of 引导的介词短 语或 who 引导的定语从句修饰时。如：Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. Those of you who wish to go on the trip may sign up here. His ideas are little different from those of his friends. 他的想法和他朋友的想法没什么两样。 Students who do well in examinations are those the ones who ask questions in class.五、几点重要的补充说明1. 当替代词 one / ones 紧跟在形容词最高级、序数词以及 this， that， these， those， which， either， neither， another 等限定词之后时，通常可以省略。如：I think my dogs the fastest （one）. 我想我的狗是跑得最快的（一只）。Either （one） will suit me. （这两个当中）哪一个对我都合适。Lets have another （one）. 咱们再来一个吧。She looked at each（one） carefully before she chose. 她仔细地看了看每一个，然后才挑选。Which （one） would you like?That （one） looks the nicest. 2. 复数形式的 ones 之前一般不直接用名词所有格、物主代词、数词以及 some， any， both， several， dozen， own 等词修饰。如：Have you got any drawing-pins? Can I borrow some please?（不能说：. some ones .）Do you have any new diaries?We dont have any at the moment.（不能说：. any ones .）Do question 1 or question 2， but not both.（不能说：. both ones.）He has three dictionaries and I have only two.（不能说：. two ones.）注：如果 ones 前有描绘性形容词修饰，则可以使用上述词语。如：误：her ones / some ones / any ones / five ones / your own ones正：her red ones / some new ones / any old ones / five bad ones / your own nice ones在美国英语中，ones 不能紧跟在 these 和 those 之后。但是在英国英语中可以这样用（也不常见）。3. 当一个名词受另一个名词修饰时，通常不宜用 one（s）来替代。如：Do you need coffee cups or tea cups? 你们需要咖啡杯还是要茶杯? （不能说：. or tea ones? ）但若一个名词受表材料的名词修饰，可用 one（s） 替代。如：We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。worth，worthy，worthwhile的用法区别一、 从句法功能上看worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语； worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。如：It isnt worth the trouble. 不值得费那个事。He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。His behavior is worthy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。They achieved a very worthwhile result. 他们取得了很有价值的成果。We had a long wait， but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets.二、从所使用的修饰语来看worth 习惯上不用 very 修饰（要表示类似意思可用 well），而 worthy 和 worthwhile 则可以用副词 very 修饰。如：That is very worthy of our attention. 那件事很值得我们注意。Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。但习惯上不说：The work is very worth doing. （very 应改为 well）三、从搭配习惯来看1. 有关 be worth 的搭配习惯（1） be worth 后可直接跟名词、代词或动名词。如：The picture is worth $500. 这幅画值 500 美元。The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。What is worth doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。注意：其后可接动名词，不能接不定式，且接动名词时，总是用主动形式表示被动意义。（2）在现代英语中，在 be worth 前使用形式主语 it 被认为是合习惯的。如：It isnt worth repairing the car. 这辆汽车不值得修了。Is it worth visiting the city? 这个城市值得去看吗?但是，若不用形式主语 it 而直接用动名词作主语则是错误的，如：误：Repairing the car is worth.（3）在 be worth doing 结构中，除非句首用了形式主语 it，否则句子主语总应是其动名词 的逻辑宾语；若其中的动词是不及物动词，应考虑加上适当的介词。如：Nothing he said was worth listening to. 他说的话没有一句值得听。Shes not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生气。2. 有关 be worthy 的搭配习惯（1） be worthy 后不能直接跟名词、代词或动名词，若要接，应借助介词 of。如：Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们的努力应得到你的支持。Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行为是值得赞扬的。（2）与