地址管理和子网划分基础.ppt

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.,地址管理和子网划分基础,学习目标,通过本章的学习，你将能做到以下内容： 1、了解并掌握IP地址及其分类 2、能熟练进行网络中子网的划分 3、 熟练进行IP地址与子网掩码的计算 4、 可初步进行IP地址的规划,唯一的编址方式允许端到端的通信 路径的选择是基于IP编址的 Location is represented by an address,介绍 TCP/IP 地址,172.18.0.2,172.18.0.1,172.17.0.2,172.17.0.1,172.16.0.2,172.16.0.1,SA,DA,HDR,DATA,10.13.0.0,192.168.1.0,10.13.0.1,192.168.1.1,IP 编址,255,255,255,255,点分十进制,最大值,Network,Host,32 bits,IP 编址,255,255,255,255,点分十进制,最大值,Network,Host,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,二进制,32 bits,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,IP 编址,255,255,255,255,点分十进制,最大值,Network,Host,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,10101100,00010000,01111010,11001100,二进制,32 bits,172,16,122,204,十进制范例,二进制范例,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,Class A: Class B: Class C: Class D: 组播 Class E: 研究保留,IP 地址分类,8 bits,8 bits,8 bits,8 bits,IP 地址分类,1,Class A:,Bits:,0NNNNNNN,Host,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,范围 (1-126),1,Class B:,Bits:,10NNNNNN,Network,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,范围 (128-191),1,Class C:,Bits:,110NNNNN,Network,Network,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,范围(192-223),1,Class D:,Bits:,1110MMMM,Multicast Group,Multicast Group,Multicast Group,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,范围 (224-239),IP地址分类,少数网络被保留用做私有地址,这些地址不能出现在互联网上. 包括以下地址: A 10.x.x.x B 172.16.x.x 到172.31.x.x C 192.168.x.x 169.254.x.x microsoft reserved 127.x.x.x for loopback,一些特殊的IP地址,1、IP地址127.0.0.1:本地回环(loopback)测试地址 2、广播地址:255.255.255.255 3、IP地址0.0.0.0:代表任何网络 4、网络号全为1:代表所有的网络 5、节点号全为0:代表某个网段的任何主机地址 6、节点号全为1:代表该网段的所有主机,私有IP地址与广播地址,私有IP地址： 1、A类地址中:10.0.0.0到10.255.255.255 2、B类地址中:172.16.0.0到172.31.255.255 3、C类地址中:192.168.0.0到192.168.255.255 广播地址： 1、 2层广播:FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF,发送给LAN内所有节点 2、 3层广播:发送给网络上所有节点 3、单播(unicast):发送给单独某个目标主机 4、多播:由1台主机发出,发送给不同网络的许多节点,主机地址,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.10,172.16.12.12,10.1.1.1,10.250.8.11,10.180.30.118,E1,172.16,12,12,Network,Host,.,.,Network,Interface,172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0,E0 E1,Routing Table,172.16.2.1,10.6.24.2,E0,11111111,定义合法的主机地址,172 16 0 0,10101100,00010000,00000000,00000000,16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9,8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1,Network,Host,00000000,00000001,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111110,.,.,00000000,00000011,11111101,1,2,3,65534,65535,65536,-,.,2,65534,N,2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534,网络 172.16.0.0,172.16.0.0,没有划分子网的IP地址,172.16.0.1,172.16.0.2,172.16.0.3,.,172.16.255.253,172.16.255.254,Network 172.16.0.0,划分了子网了的IP地址,172.16.1.0,172.16.2.0,172.16.3.0,172.16.4.0,子网地址,172.16.2.200,172.16.2.2,172.16.2.160,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.5,172.16.3.100,172.16.3.150,E0,172.16,Network,Network,Interface,172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0,E0 E1,New Routing Table,2,160,Host,.,.,172.16.3.1,E1,子网地址,172.16.2.200,172.16.2.2,172.16.2.160,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.5,172.16.3.100,172.16.3.150,172.16.3.1,E0,E1,172.16,2,160,Network,Host,.,.,Network,Interface,172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0,E0 E1,New Routing Table,Subnet,子网掩码,255,255,0,0,IP地址,确省的子网掩码,8-bit 子网掩码,Network,Host,Network,Host,Network,Subnet,Host,同样可以被写成 “/16” 这种形式,其中每个1代表1位,同样可以被写成 “/24” 这种形式,其中每个1代表1位,11111111,11111111,00000000,00000000,十进制等量的二进制表,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255,128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1,16,网络,主机,172,0,0,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,00000000,00000000,10100000,00000000,00000000,缺省情况下子网不被使用,00000010,没有子网掩码的子网,172.16.2.160,255.255.0.0,网络号,网络号向外扩展了8位,带子网掩码的子网,16,网络,主机,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.0,172,2,0,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,00000000,00000000,00000010,子网,网络号,128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255,带子网掩码的子网(续.),网络,主机,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,子网,网络号向外扩展10位,16,172,2,128,网络号,128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255,128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255,CIDR 标记法,也称网络前缀标记法。 IP：10.217.123.7/20 表示：其子网掩码有20个连续的1，用来确定网络ID；余下的必须是0，用来确定主机ID。 为能更好的利用B类和C类地址空间 不再遵从A,B,C类地址的缺省子网掩码 192.168.0.1 subnet mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1/24 只是一种新的Net ID的表示法 Superneting 借用网络ID建立Host ID,子网掩码练习,Address,Subnet Mask,Class,Subnet,172.16.2.10,10.6.24.20,10.30.36.12,255.255.255.0,255.255.240.0,255.255.255.0,子网掩码练习答案,Address,Subnet Mask,Class,Subnet,172.16.2.10,10.6.24.20,10.30.36.12,255.255.255.0,255.255.240.0,255.255.255.0,B,A,A,172.16.2.0,10.6.16.0,10.30.36.0,广播地址,172.16.1.0,172.16.2.0,172.16.3.0,172.16.4.0,172.16.3.255 (定向广播),255.255.255.255 (本网广播),X,172.16.255.255 (子网广播),子网划分案例,16,172,2,160,10101100,00010000,10100000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111111,10101100,00010000,00000010,10000001,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16,172,2,160,子网划分案例,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111111,10101100,00010000,00000010,10000001,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,172.16.2.128,172.16.2.191,172.16.2.129,172.16.2.190,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,16,172,2,160,IP 主机地址: 172.16.2.121 子网掩码: 255.255.255.0,子网号 = 172.16.2.0 主机地址 = 172.16.2.1172.16.2.254 广播地址 = 172.16.2.255 8位被子网化,Network,Subnet,Host,10101100,00010000,00000010,11111111,172.16.2.121:,255.255.255.0:,10101100,11111111,Subnet:,10101100,00010000,00010000,11111111,00000010,00000010,11111111,01111001,00000000,00000000,B类 子网案例,Broadcast:,Network,Subnet 规划,Other subnets,192.168.5.16,192.168.5.32,192.168.5.48,20 subnets 5 hosts per subnet Class C address: 192.168.5.0,11111000,IP 主机地址:192.168.5.121 子网掩码: 255.255.255.248,Network,Subnet,Host,192.168.5.121:,11000000,11111111,子网:,11000000,10101000,10101000,11111111,00000101,00000101,11111111,01111001,01111000,255.255.255.248:,C类子网规划案例,子网号 = 192.168.5.120 主机地址 = 192.168.5.121192.168.5.126 广播地址 = 192.168.5.127 5位被子网化,广播:,Network,Network,11000000,10101000,00000101,01111111,广播地址练习,Address,Class,Subnet,Broadcast,201.222.10.60,255.255.255.248,Subnet Mask,15.16.193.6,255.255.248.0,128.16.32.13,255.255.255.252,153.50.6.27,255.255.255.128,广播地址练习答案,153.50.6.127,Address,Class,Subnet,Broadcast,201.222.10.60,255.255.255.248,C,201.222.10.63,201.222.10.56,Subnet Mask,15.16.193.6,255.255.248.0,A,15.16.199.255,15.16.192.0,128.16.32.13,255.255.255.252,B,128.16.32.15,128.16.32.12,153.50.6.27,255.255.255.128,B,153.50.6.0,如果你公司需要3000个地址,应该怎么分配地址？,变长子网掩码V L S M,基于类的网络I D进一步分成几个等规模的子网,是一种用不同长度子网掩码来分配子网网络I D的技术。,在已经子网化的网络I D中进行子网划分,例如: 给定基于类的网络ID 135.41.0.0/16， 需要的配置是1个能容纳32 000台主机的子网， 1 5个能容纳2 , 0 0 0台主机的子网和 8个能容纳2 5 6台主机的子网。,方案,能容纳32 766台主机的一个子网,1 5个能容纳2 , 0 0 0台主机的子网,( 1 3 5. 4 1. 1 2 8 .0 / 2 1 1 3 5. 4 1. 1 3 6 .0 / 2 1 . . . 1 3 5. 4 1 . 2 4 0.0 / 2 1 1 3 5. 4 1. 2 4 8 .0 / 2 1 ),1 3 5 . 4 1 . 1 2 8 . 0 / 1 7,( 1 3 5 . 4 1 . 2 4 8 . 0