自考英语词汇学第四章.ppt

英语词汇学 Chapter 4 Word Formation 构 词 ,Word-formation: affixation (30%-40%),词缀法 compounding (28%-30%),复合法 conversion (26%),转类法 Shortening (clipping , acronymy ) (8%-10%),缩略法 (截短法，首字母缩略法) blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼缀法和其他方法 Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable.,4.1 Affixation 词缀法,Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词 。,4.1.1 Prefixation前缀法,Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法。 Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。,Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups: Negative prefixes, Reversative prefixes, Pejorative prefixes, Prefixes of degree or size, Prefixes of orientation and attitude, Locative prefixes, Prefixes of time and order, Number prefixes, Miscellaneous prefixes. -因此我们可以从语义的角度把前缀分为 9 类：表示否定意义的前缀，表示逆向意义的前缀，表示贬义的前缀，表示程度、大小等意义的前缀，表示倾向和态度等意 义的前缀，表示方位意义的前缀，表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀，表示数字的前缀，其他种类意义的前缀。,4.1.2 Suffixation后缀法,Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。 Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。,1.Noun suffixes 名词后缀,1) Denominal nouns:由名词转化来的名词 a. Concrete,具体名词 b. Abstract. 抽象名词 2) Deverbal nouns:由动词转化来的名词 a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely nouns denoting people, -ant，-ee，-ent，-er（-or） 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上构成新词，主要表示人.,b. Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc：-al，-age，-ance，-ation，-ence，-ing，-ment。 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上，主要构成抽象名词，表示动作、结果、过程、状态等,3) De-adjective nouns 由形容词转化为名词. -ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 名词和形容词后缀 -ese,-an,-ist 有一小部分后缀加在表示人或者国家名的词干上，既构成名词又构成形容词：,2.Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀,1) Denominal suffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y 加在名词后的形容词后缀 2) Deverbal suffixes:-able（-ible），-ive（-ative，-sive） 加在动词后的形容词后缀,3.Adverb suffixes: 副词后缀 -ly, -ward(s), -wise,4.Verb suffixes：动词后缀 -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(ise),4.2 Compounding复合法,Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.复合法，也称作 composition,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词 被称为复合词。 So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. 所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，而且语法和语义功能为单个词的词汇单位”,Compounds are written in various ways: solid, hyphenated or open. Sometime