长句的翻译ppt课件

Long Sentences 长句的翻译,Focus,英汉长句翻译的处理 英译汉长句的翻译方法 汉译英的长句处理,Foreword,“西文句中名物字，多随举随释，如中文之旁支，后乃遥接前文，足意成句。故西文句法，少者二三字，多者数十百言。假令仿此为译，则恐必不可通；而删削取径，有恐意义有漏。” 严复 天演论译例言,Foreword,英汉语的语法结构不同，英语可随时插入定语等修饰成分，作进一步的阐述，而汉语则没有类似定语从句那样的结构，因此英译汉时，句子不易安排。对于那些长达数十百言的长句，直译固然不通，删减词句又会走失原意，的确是左右为难。,Foreword,对于每一个英语长句, 不只用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用。翻译长句时, 首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。,1. 何谓长句 ?,所谓长句，主要指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句，亦可指含义较多的简单句。,Foreword,汉语在表达复杂思想时，则多借助动词，按动作发生的顺序，或按逻辑顺序，逐层交代，层层铺开，给人以舒缓明快的感觉，因此，汉语的句子结构有如一根竹子，一节一节地连下去。,2、英汉长句比较,Foreword,Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.,Warm-up,Example,Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.,1,Warm-up,Marx discovered the law of development of human history,just as,the simple fact,(方式状语从句),production,that （同位语从句）,degree,in the light of which （定语从句）,before （时间状语从句）,upon which （定语从句）,as（定语从句）,instead of vice versa （插入成分作状语）,that （同位语从句）,这是一个多达126个单词的主从复合句。主句前是由“just as”引导的方式状语从句，主句后有一个名词短语“the simple fact”作“the law of development of human history”的同位语。后跟过去分词短语“hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology”作原因状语。“the simple fact”同时连接两个并列同位语从句（1）“that mankind must drink, have shelter and clothing”和（2）“that form the foundation”。在第一个同位语从句中有由“before”引导的时间状语从句；在第二个同位语从句中有两个由“upon which”和“in the light of which”引导的定语从句修饰the foundation。在第二个定语从句之后又跟有一个介词短语“instead of vice versa”作状语,这个状语之后又接一个由“as”引导的定语从句。,Warm-up,翻译时，总体上还是用顺译法，部分根据汉语习惯和表达需要，打破原文的框架结构，用变序译法，重新组织语言方可获得理想译文: 正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度，便构成为基础，人们的国家制度，法律的概念，艺术以至宗教概念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不像过去那样做得正好相反。,Warm-up,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,Warm-up,Lets Try!,2,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,Warm-up,主语,谓语,宾语从句,句子的主干?,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,Warm-up,多少个从句?,1,2,3,4,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,Warm-up,多少个动词?,1,2,3,4,5,Warm-up,Translate!,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,行为主义者认为 儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素 有利于其适当反应能力的发展 会发展到较高的智力水平,Warm-up,Translate!,Warm-up,Translate!,行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,The translation of the long sentence is perhaps the most difficult of all in the process of English-Chinese translation. The prerequisites for the correct handling of long and complex sentences in English-Chinese translation lie in the translators correct comprehension of the original, and in his/her capability for adequate representation of the thought of the author in the target language.,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Correct comprehension, therefore, is always the first and foremost step; and the dialectal unity of faithfulness and smoothness is always what we should strive to achieve. This means we have to begin with a careful analysis of a long and complex sentence in the light of the context so as to understand clearly: what the author is driving at; what his argument or views are, and what “logic sequence” there is in the original; what grammatical relations there are among the modifiers in the long sentence.,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,The process of translating a typical English long sentence generally consists of two stages: comprehension and presentation, which may be subdivided into five steps. 英译汉的长句处理一般可分为理解和表达两个阶段及五个具体的处理步骤。,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Stage I Comprehension,Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form “削去枝蔓，找出主干” Step 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text “结合语境，领会要旨” Step 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses “分辨主从，理清关系”,Step 4: entering on a tentative translation of each sentence division “大胆尝试，各个击破” Step 5: rearrangement and finishing touches “调整组合，核对润色”,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Stage II Presentation,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,How it happened that a little rocky peninsula in a remote corner of the Mediterranean was able to provide our world in less than two centuries with the complete framework for all our present day experiments in politics, literature, drama, sculpture, chemistry, physics and Heaven knows what else, is a question which has puzzled a great many people for a great many centuries and to which every philosopher, at one time or another during his career, has tried to give an answer.,3,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,句子的主干：主系表结构 How it happened that . is a question which has puzzled and to which ,Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form “削去枝蔓，找出主干”,表语,系动词,主语,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,Step 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text “结合语境，领会要旨” “一个小岛如何在不到两个世纪的时间里为我们提供了一个完整的框架，这个问题困惑了许多人，而且每个哲学家都在尝试找出答案。”,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,Step 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses “分辨主从，理清关系”,How it happen is a question,that （主语从句）,and Heaven knows what else （作补充成分）,which （定语从句）,to which （定语从句）,at one time or another during his career （作状语）,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,Step 4: entering on a tentative translation of each sentence division “大胆尝试，各个击破”, How it happened that a little rocky peninsula in a remote corner of the Mediterranean was able to provide our world in less than two centuries with the complete framework for all our present day experiments in politics, literature, drama, sculpture, chemistry, physics and Heaven knows what else, is a question which has puzzled a great many people for a great many centuries and to which every philosopher, at one time or another during his career, has tried to give an answer., 它是如何发生的 地中海遥远角落的一个小岩石半岛能够为我们的世界提供 在不到两个世纪之内 我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学的完整框架 上帝知道还有些什么 是一个问题 (这个问题)许多世纪以来困惑了许多人 (对这个问题)每个哲学家 在他学术生涯的某个时候 尝试找出答案。,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,Sample Analysis,Step 5: rearrangement and finishing touches “调整组合，核对润色”,地中海遥远角落的一个小岩石半岛，如何能够在不到两个世纪之内，为我们的世界提供我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学(上帝知道还有些什么)的完整框架，这个问题许多世纪以来困惑了许多人，对这个问题，每个哲学家在他学术生涯的某个时候，都会尝试找出答案。,I. Long Sentences in E- C Translation 英汉长句翻译的处理,The above-mentioned five steps are generally interwoven throughout the process of translation and we should learn to make use of them according to different circumstances. On the other hand, the layout of a good piece of translation, to a great extent, comes from the creative work of the translator, whose flexibility and adaptability are tested whenever long and complex sentences occur. In this sense, there is no reason for us to stick to the above sequence mechanically.,II. Methods of Translating Long English Sentences 英译汉长句的翻译方法,1. Embedding 内嵌法 2. Dividing 切分法 3. Splitting 拆分法 4. Inserting 插入法 5. Recasting 重组法/综合法,1. Embedding 内嵌法,Embedding means placing the modifiers (including phrases and clauses) before the word being modified, thus the modifiers are embedded between the predicative verb and the object to be modified. The pre-position embedding makes the Chinese version compact and coherent, and consequently, it is often adopted in the translation of attributive and appositive clauses. 这种方法又叫“包孕法”，主要用于翻译英语的定语结构（包括用作定语的短语和从句），将英语的修饰成分译为汉语句“的”结构。其特点是保持原文的结构，句式连贯，一气呵成。,1. Embedding 内嵌法,Example There is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. 这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。,1. Embedding 内嵌法,Example Congress had made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spent it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives. 国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。,4,Now you try:,The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and technology. The first elected Russian President, the man who declared what once was the worlds largest nation, the Soviet Union, extinct, Boris Yeltsin resigned on December 31, 1999 after eight years in power.,1. Embedding 内嵌法,5,6,Now you try:,The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and technology. 原子弹、氢弹、导弹试验成功，人造地球卫星的发射成功和准确回收，集中标志着我国科学技术达到的新水平。,1. Embedding 内嵌法,Now you try:,The first elected Russian President, the man who declared what once was the worlds largest nation, the Soviet Union, extinct, Boris Yeltsin resigned on December 31, 1999 after eight years in power. 作为俄罗斯第一位民选总统，作为宣布世界上最大的国家苏联解体的一代巨人，叱咤俄罗斯政坛八年的叶利钦于20世纪最后一天黯然辞职。,1. Embedding 内嵌法,1. Embedding 内嵌法,Occasionally, clauses functioning as adverbials of cause, condition, premise, etc. may also be translated by means of embedding: In 1970，he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast. 1970年，他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。,Dividing is the most effective method to tackle long and complicated sentences. By means of dividing, we may break up a long English sentence into different parts according to its sense groups, and then translate each part one by one into Chinese. 切分法又叫做“cutting”，是翻译英语长句的最常见的方法，即将英语长句按意群切分为若干小句，然后再逐句翻译。这种译法的最大好处是能将复杂的结构简化，便于操作。需要注意的是，为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语或改变句子的语序（顺序或逆序）。,2. Dividing 切分法,2. Dividing 切分法,Example Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.,人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。,7,1） 顺序法： 当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语 。 Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.,2. Dividing 切分法,分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致。,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。,8,Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。,Now you try:,2. Dividing 切分法,9,2）逆序法： 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.,2. Dividing 切分法,10,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。 按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序翻译。,2. Dividing 切分法,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,2. Dividing 切分法,It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。,2. Dividing 切分法,Now you try:,11,3. Splitting 拆分法,By splitting we mean taking certain elements （word, phrase, or clause） out of a sentence and treating them separately. This technique is usually adopted when both cutting and embedding fail to work owing to the different ways of expressions between Chinese and English. 这种方法是将原文中的某一部分（单词、短语或从句）拆分出来单独处理或放在译文的句首（末）。,3. Splitting 拆分法,1）Splitting a Single Word 这种拆分主要用于表达作者对某一观点、行为或事件的看法和见解。 The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible - about one in four. 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。 An outsiders success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来也怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到的协议。,3. Splitting 拆分法,2）Splitting Phrases 这种拆分主要用于表达某一细节的描述，英语一些短语夹在句子中间不便翻译，需要拆分出来另起一句。 The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in draw.,The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in draw. 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、平稳球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。,12,3. Splitting 拆分法,3）Splitting Clauses or Absolute Construction 这种拆分主要是从汉语习惯表达的需要，将英语的从句或独立结构拆分出来单独翻译，作为补充或说明。 A few days later, with appeals to the Supreme Court and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both rejected, Clarence Ray Allen, a blind, diabetic 76-year-old convicted of having three people killed, including his sons girlfriend, was helped from his wheelchair and put to death by lethal injection in California.,13,3. Splitting 拆分法,A few days later, with appeals to the Supreme Court and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both rejected, Clarence Ray Allen, a blind, diabetic 76-year-old convicted of having three people killed, including his sons girlfriend, was helped from his wheelchair and put to death by lethal injection in California.,A few days later, with appeals to the Supreme Court and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both rejected, Clarence Ray Allen, a blind, diabetic 76-year-old convicted of having three people killed, including his sons girlfriend, was helped from his wheelchair and put to death by lethal injection in California. 几天之后，提交到最高法院和阿诺施瓦辛格州长的两个上诉都被驳回。76岁的糖尿病患者、盲人克拉伦斯雷艾伦被判定有罪，在加州被抱下轮椅，注入毒剂处死。他的罪名是杀害了三个人，其中包括他儿子的女朋友。,3. Splitting 拆分法,From agreement on this great goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. The big problem of comprehension of the English text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich, present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of translation.,Now you try:,14,15,3. Splitting 拆分法,From agreement on this great goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. 遗憾的是，过去我们在这个总体目标方面意见是一致的，但在涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。,Now you try:,3. Splitting 拆分法,The big problem of comprehension of the English text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich, present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of tra