国际商务管理topic 1516 ppt课件

Topic 15 & 16,HR Management: Business Organization and Organizational Structures & Motivation,Time arrangement: 2 periods Aims: To learn the instruction of organization charts, and four forms of organizational structures To learn three theories concerning motivation and their implications on how to motivate workers. To master some useful phrases and expressions concerning business activity in English,Key words and phrases,Organizational structures Business organization Organizational chart Chain of command Span of control Centralization Decentralization Entrepreneurship structure Bureaucratic or pyramid structure Matrix structure Independence structure,Motivation Absenteeism Productivity Hierarchy of needs Physiological needs Safety needs Belonging needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs Job satisfaction Job enrichment,Hygiene 卫生/保健 Fringe benefit 额外福利，边缘福利 Intrinsic内在，本质的 Extrinsic 外因，外在的 Supervisory n/adj监督，管理, Organization chart,Definition: organization chart is a picture of the reporting structure and the division of labour in an organization. The reasons for businesses to draw organization charts: To help to spot communication problems To help individuals see their position and responsibilities To help to understand the relationships To show different divisions of the business To help to find who make decisions for whom to follow,Three organization charts, Chain of command and span of control,Chain of command: the way authority is organized within an organization. Level of management in the chain decides the effectiveness of communication The chain of command, sometimes called the scaler chain, is the formal line of authority, communication, and responsibility within an organization. The chain of command is usually depicted on an organizational chart, which identifies the superior and subordinate relationships in the organizational structure. According to classical organization theory the organizational chart allows one to visualize the lines of authority and communication within an organizational structure and ensures clear assignment of duties and responsibilities. By utilizing the chain of command, and its visible authority relationships, the principle of unity of command is maintained. Unity of command means that each subordinate reports to one and only one superior.,Span of control: the number of people working under a manager or the number of subordinates reporting directly to a manager. a narrow span: tight control, close supervision a wide span: lower costs in supervision, better job satisfaction Span of control or span of management is a dimension of organizational design measured by the number of subordinates that report directly to a given manager. This concept affects organization design in a variety of ways, including speed of communication flow, employee motivation, reporting relationships, and administrative overhead. Span of management has been part of the historical discussion regarding the most appropriate design and structure of organizations., Centralization and decentralization,Centralization and decentralization refers to the degree to which authority is delegated in a business. Complete centralization means subordinates have no authority to make decisions Complete decentralization means employees have all the authority to make decisions.,Advantages and disadvantages of centralization and decentralization, Different forms of business structure,Four major types of business structure: The entrepreneurial structure The bureaucratic or pyramid structure The matrix structure The independence structure,1. The entrepreneurial structure,2. The bureaucratic or pyramid structure,3. The matrix structure,4. The independence structure,Case study,Questions for discussion:,Suggested answers,The end,Topic 16,HR Management: Motivation,. The importance for business to motivate employees,in the short time, a lack of motivation may lead to reduced efforts and lack of commitment in work in the long run, a lack of motivation may result in high levels of absenteeism, falling productivity, and declining profit for a business.,. Three theories,Maslows hierarchy of needs Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y Herzbergs Two Factor Theory,A. Maslows hierarchy of needs,B. Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y,Theory X In this theory, which has been proven counter-effective in most modern practice, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. Theory Y In this theory, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. Theory X and Theory Y combined For McGregor, Theory X and Y are not different ends of the same continuum. Rather they are two different continua in themselves. Thus, if a manager needs to apply Theory Y principles, that does not preclude him from being a part of Theory X & Y.,C. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory,Two Factor Theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction Motivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) which do not give positive satisfaction, althoug