托福阅读之修辞目的题的解题思路与技巧.pptx

修辞目的题 解题思路与技巧,托福阅读,目录,第一部分 修辞目的题介绍,什么是修辞目的题？,修辞目的题是托福阅读考试中的一种常见题型，修辞是指是一种有效写作或演讲的艺术，作者使用修辞是为了使文章能更有效地说服读者，从而达到某种目的。常见的修辞手法有举例子、下定义、阐述、解释、对比、论证、反驳、强调等。,举例：illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show 下定义、阐述、解释: define/explain/describe 比较、对比: compare/contrast 论证支持: argue for/persuade/support 驳斥警告: argue against/refute/challenge/criticize/cast doubt on/warn/caution 强调：emphasize/stress,修辞目的题考察什么？,考察单词，短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，句子与整体段落的联系，或段与段之间的联系 考查是否理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊方式陈述一个特别信息,常见的提问方式有哪些？,The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to . Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of In paragraph X, the author explains the concept of X by What is the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X ? What is the purpose of paragraph X? In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other ?,My life of summer vacation is full of variety. During the summer vacation, I watched 5 movies. I went to the beach with my good friends. I also visited places of historic interest.,The topic sentence,Examples to illustrate the topic sentence,如何解答修辞目的题？,在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构（解题过程中最核心、最关键的部分） 平时可加强练习，学会分析句子之间的逻辑关系，概括文章的构架,For example:,第二部分 实战演练,The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century). By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace ones path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.,Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass? A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible D. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved,四步法解题,Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass?,关键词：why, author, include 分析：why表示目的，与author一起出现，表明该题在问作者的写作目的，而include则表明作者把题干所给信息包含到段落中的原因必定与写作目的有关联。由此判断出该题的类型属于修辞目的题，题干所给信息很可能是对写作目的进行论证。通常，作者会在主题句中阐明自己的观点和写作意图，只要我们能找到段落主题句，就能获得答案。所以接下来，我们应对段落的框架有所了解。,第一步：审题,第二步：分析段落框架,分析线索：时间顺序 in the eleventh century (the astrolabe) by the early thirteenth century (the magnetic compass) beginning in the thirteenth century (new maps and the reports of sailors) in the fourteenth century (certain institutional and practical norms) by about 1400 (the key elements were in place) 确定主题句的关键词 thus (表示结论), the key elements (对以上所有信息的概括),段落框架图,Example 1 The introduction of astrolabe,Example 2 The development of magnetic compass,Example 3 New maps and reports of sailors,Example 4 Certain institutional and practical norms,Summary Technological advances enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.,第三步：定位题干与各选项信息,第四步：分析信息，确定答案,原文中每个与选项信息相对应的句子在段落整体框架中的地位是怎样的？是example？是细节？还是段落主题？,请您思考,A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.,分析：该段落中没有出现与A选项有关的信息，因此可以排除A选项。,B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe 原文：The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood.,分析：由原文可判断出B选项提供的信息在段落中只是一个例证，并非作者的观点，与题干所给的信息没有关联，因此可以排除B选项。,C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible 原文：Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.,原文关键词：thus, the key elements 分析：原文中的thus表明该句是段落的结论，而key elements则是对以上所列信息（the astrolabe, the magnetic compass, new maps and reports of sailors, certain institutional and practical norms）的概括，所以该句是段落的主题句。通过C选项中的定位词technological advances和sea trade以及对句子意义的理解，可以发现C选项的意义与主题句的意义一致，因此我们可以确定C选项就是该题的答案。,D. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved 原文一：The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century. 原文二：By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars.,分析：D选项的信息在原文中属于细节，通过原文对比我们