动词和动词词组课件

英语语法,English Grammar,第三章动词和动词词组,主谓一致 英语的时态,主谓一致,主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在人称、数等方面保持一致的关系 主谓一致应遵守的三个原则 语法一致 意义一致 就近原则,语法 一致,语法一致指当主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；当主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。 e.g. I am a teacher. They are students.,有的名词表示的物品往往成双成对，这时谓语动词用复数形式。如：glasses, trousers, scissors, jeans等。 e.g. Where are my glasses ? I cant find them.,主语是单数，后面与like, with, along with, together with, besides, including, in addition to, except, but, 等介词连用时，谓语动词是单数。 e.g. The doctor, together with two nurses, is going to the office. Nobody except Mr. Brown was invited to the meeting.,以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词做主语，虽然形式上以s结尾，但意义是单数，这时谓语动词用单数。 E.g. Maths is the difficult subject. Physics is his major.,有的表示时间，距离，量的名词词组形式上是复数，但是被看成是一个整体概念，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Twenty dollars is too much to pay that shirt. Fifty minutes isnt enough to finish the test.,就近原则,就近原则指谓语动词的单复数形式和它最靠近的主语的数保持一致。由or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only but also 连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。 e.g. Neither he nor they are right. 无论是他还是他们都不对。 Not only the students but also the teacher wants to leave. 不仅同学们而且老师也想离开。,练习1,1.Nobody but Jane _ the secret. a.know b.knows c.have known d.is known 2.All but one _ here just now. a.is b.was c.has been d.were,3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. a.is b.are c.am d.be,4. Not only I but also David and Iris _ fond of playing basketball. a. am b. is c. are d. was 5. Neither Tom nor his parents _ at home. a. is b. are c. has d. was,6. _ was wrong. Not the teacher but the students Both the students and the teacher c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher,7. “_ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “I suppose so.” Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were 8. Three hours _ enough for us to finish the task. a. are b. has c. is d. were,9. More than one worker _ dismissed. a. have been b. are c. has been d. has,10. Many a student _ the importance of learning a foreign language. have realized b. has realized c. have been realized d. has been realized,11. Cattle _ on the hillside. a. grazes b. is grazing c. was grazing d. were grazing,12. No one except two students _ the meeting. a. was been late for b. have been late for c. was late for d. were later for 13. All but him and me _ to the exhibition. a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going,14. A number of cars _ in front of the park is parked b. was parked c. are parked d. has parked 15. The number of articles published on smoking _ amazing. a. is b. are c. were d. have been,英语的时态,英语动词的时态有两种： 现在时（present tense)和过去时 (past tense),一般现在时（Simple Present）,一般现在时谓语动词用原形，如果主语是第三人称单数，则在动词原形之后加-s或es。 S +am / is/ are S +do /does,一般现在时的用法,1、表示现时状态或现在瞬间动作： 一般现在时表现实状态通常都带有一定的持续性，因此适用于静态动词。 I am a student. The weather remains fine today. 一般现在时表示现在瞬间动作通常只适应于表示短暂动作的动态动词，这种动作转瞬即逝，几乎与说话时间同时起讫，甚至话音未落动作已经完成。 Harper passes the ball to Jennings; Jennings shoots ans the goal-keeper leaps for it but- yes, its a goal,表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与表示频度的副词或副词词组连用： I visit my aunt every Sunday. She always gets up late.,表示不受时间限制的客观存在： Water boils at 100. Flash comes before thunder.,表示过去发生的事。主要用于提供信息，说话人主要转达的信息在从句中。因此在主句中say, tell, learn, hear等所标示的行为已经发生，这是仍可用一般现在时： He tells me he will leave tomorrow. He hears the war broke out yesterday.,表示将来时间。主要用于时间，条件的状语从句中，以及动词hope, bet （敢说，确信）的宾语从句中: If it is fine tomorrow, we will go swimming. When you leave the room, turn off the light. I hope that you recover soon.=you will recover I bet it rains tomorrow.=it will rain,一般过去时（Simple Past）,一般过去时的基本形式： S + did S + was / were,一般过去时表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内发生的动作或过去存在的状态，行为或状态已经成为过去，现在已不复存在,一般过去时所表示的过去时间和现在时间没有关系。它往往和表示过去时间的状语连用： I borrowed the book yesterday. I read the book a year ago. He entered the university in 2000. I lived in Shang Hai for 10 years.,用来表示过去经常发生的行为或状态，与一般现在时一样，表示行为频度的副词如:often, always, usually, sometimes等也可与一般过去时连用： He sometimes visited his former teacher. They often had football games with the children.,现在进行体,基本形式： S + am /is/are/+doing.,进行体具有持续性，暂时性和未完成性的含义。 Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.（持续性） He lives in Shang Hai. (长久住在上海) He is now living in Shang Hai. (指暂时住在上海) They were building a dam last winter. (在建造中) They built a dam last winter. (建造好了) 汉语常用“正在”来表示这种关系。用于进行体的动词一般表示行为动作，表示状态的动词一般不用于进行体。,表示说话是正在进行的行为或动作： I am listening to music at the moment. She is reading a novel now.,表示目前这段时间正在进行的行为或动作： She is studying at Beijing University this year. She is working in a company at present.,表示按照计划安排好的，在近期内要做的事或活动。为了与现在正在进行的行为加以区别，往往伴随表示将来的时间状语，如：this afternoon, this Sunday, next year等： I am leaving tomorrow. The meeting is starting at 2 this afternoon.,表示瞬间行为的动词用于进行体，表示行为即将发生，而不是正在进行： The old man is dying. The train is stopping in a moment.,还有一些表示瞬间行为的动词用于进行体，表示行为正在重复发生： Who is knocking at the door ? He is jumping high.,过去进行体,基本形式 S + was /were doing,过去进行体主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生的行为或情况，常常伴随表示过去某一时间点或时间段的状语： She was sleeping a moment ago. The students were playing football at five. My brother was studying maths from 1998 to 2002.,过去进行体也可以表示在过去某个时点或时段反复发生的动作或行为： The man was beating the drum. He was kicking the ball on to the wall.,现在完成体,基本形式： S + have done / has done S + have been / has been,完成体是动词的一种形式，它表示该动作 或状态已经完成。完成体是由助动词have的一定形式加-ed 分词构成，分为现在完成体和过去完成体。 现在完成体的的用法与动词意义有密切的关系。根据动词意义，可以划分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。,延续性动词指动作，行为或状态可以持续一段时间，如：be, live, work, study, sleep, walk, have, wait等。 非延续性动词指动作行为在瞬间发生而且结束，如：arrive, die, begin, stop, finish, leave, end, come等。这来两类动词都可用于完成体，但在用法和意义上有所不同。,现在完成体“已完成”用法,1、表示一个发生在过去的行为，并已在过去终止，相当于用汉语表示“曾经做过”如： I have been to Beijing twice. (延续性动词) She has gone to Beijing already.(非延续性动词) He has visited the city before.(延续性动词) His father has died.(非延续动词),现在完成体“未完成”用法,2、表示一种行为或状态从过去某个时间开始发生，并一直延续到说话时，才刚刚终止，或者还将延续下去，都与现在时间有联系。用于表示这种意义的动词一般是延续性的动词，如live, work, study, sleep, walk, keep, build, be, have, wait, move.,可以与一段时间的状语连用：for a day, for many years, for the past week, since 1999, since three days ago, up till now, so far等， I have learned English for six years. She has lived here since 1999.,过去完成体,基本形式 S + had + done,过去完成体由had+-ed分词构成。它的主要用法同现在完成体一样也有两个，即“已完成”和“未完成”用法。不同的是，过去完成体把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系。表示“过去的过去”。过去完成体往往伴有表示过去之过去的时间状语，如：by last week, by two o clock yesterday, before last month, by the end of last year By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 English words. Before he started the work, he had made full preparations.,有时没有明确表示“过去的过去”时间状语，则根据上下文表明是 “过去的过去” 时间内所发生的事，如： He said that he had done all his homework. I didnt pass the exam. When I got home I found mother was unhappy. She had known about it, I thought.,将来时间表示法,英语的将来时间表示法是多种多样的。可以借助于情态助动词，半助动词，一般现在时和现在进行体来实现。,Will/shall +不定式,表示“预见” 如： I will graduate next year. You will feel better after taking this medicine. 表示“意图” 如： I shall meet you at the station. I will do it, if you like.,be going to + 不定式,a. 这种结构的主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事。 What are you going to do today ? I am going to write my papers. b. 另一种意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。 Look at these black clouds- there is going to be a storm.,但是，用be going to 表示的“意图”通常是事先经过考虑的，而“will+不定式”所表示的“意图”，则是说话时临时想到的，因此在某些语境中，这两种结构又不可以交替使用。 A: Why are you taking down all the pictures? B: Im going to repaper the room. （不能用will） A: What a terribly heavy box! B: Ill help you to carry it.（不能用be going to）,Be +-ing（现在进行体）,这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, move等，也可以用于其他动态动词： We are leaving on Friday. The train is arriving. The plane is taking off. Who are you inviting to tonights party ? What are you doing on vacation?,一般现在时,用一般现在时表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语分句： If she comes, Ill tell her all about it. I will give it to you after I return. 在主句中用一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。 Hes in all day Sunday. Tomorrow is Saturday. The train leaves at 7:30 this evening.,We leave London at 10: 00 next Tuesday, and arrive in Paris at 13:00. We spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15:00.,be to + 不定式,be to 用于正式语体中, 表示计划安排即将发生的动作。 The museum is to be open on National Day. The Japanese delegation is to visit China.,be about to + 不定式,be about to （译为“正要，就要”）强调眼下即将发生的动作 ： The meeting is about to start. I am about to leave.,练习2,1. He _ back a month ago. (come) 2. The bus _ soon. (leave) 3.We _ a new theatre now. (build) 4. Xiao Lin _ from here for about two hours. (be away),came,are building,has been away,is leaving,5.I _ my daughter since last month. (not hear from) 6.I will _ Li Ming the good news as soon as I see him. (告诉) 7.He told me that he _the Great Wall the year before. (visit),havnt heard from,tell,had visited,8.Look! That man _ (open) the door of your car. 9.The moon_(go) round the earth. 10.Lets go out. It_(not/rain) now.,is opening,goes,isnt raining,11.Julia is very good at languages. She(speak) four languages very well. 12.Hurry up! Everybody_(wait) for you. 13.“_(you/listen) to the radio?”“ No, you can turn it off.”,speaks,is waiting,Are you listening,14.“_(you/listen) to the radio?”“ No, just occasionally. 15.We usually_(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we_(not/grow) any.,Do you listen,grow,didnt grow,16.Can we stop walking soon? I_ (feel) tired.,am feeling,动词和动词词组（2）,被动态 虚拟式,被动语态,英语的动词又两种语态。当主语是动作的执行者，动词用主动语态；当主语是动词的接受者，动词用被动语态。如： He encouraged the students. 他鼓励学生们。 The students were encouraged. 学生们受到了鼓励。,被动结构,一般现在 am /is /are done 一般过去 was / were done 现在进行 am / is /are being done 过去进行 was / were being done,现在完成 have / has been done 过去完成 had been done 将来时间 will / shall be done,主动变被动,单宾语动词，变被动时，将宾语变为主语。如： I use the pen. The pen is used. She has made a cake. A cake has been made.,双宾语动词变被动语态，通常将间接宾语变成主语，有些也可将直接宾语变为主语。 He will give me a book. I will be given a book. A book will be