图形的变化-七巧板.pptVIP

小公鸡,小鸡,狐狸,兔子,金鱼,帆船,小猫,奔跑,渔火,三角形,梯形,长方形,平行四边形,双箭头,多边形,雁,黄狗,机器人,推,鸭,树,船,房屋,小桥,乌鸦,舞,动词时态语态讲解 上传: 彭荣华 更新时间：2011-11-20 12:27:36 12. 动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态 时，该不定式前要加“to“。此类动词为感官动词。 feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch the teacher made me go out of the classroom. i was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). we saw him play football on the playground. he was seen to play football on the playground. 2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。 coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 12.1 let 的用法 1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。 they let the strange go.- the strange was let go. 2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。 the nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. - i was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 12.2 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 this is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. my sister will be taken care of by grandma. such a thing has never been heard of before 12.3 表示“据说“或“相信“ 的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand it is said that 据说 it is reported that 据报道 it is believed that 大家相信 it is hoped that 大家希望 it is well known that 众所周知 it is thought that 大家认为 it is suggested that 据建议 it is taken granted that 被视为当然 it has been decided that 大家决定 it must be remember that务必记住的是 it is said that she will leave for wuhan on tuesday. 12.4 不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. after the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) the price has been risen. (对) the price has risen. (错) the accident was happened last week. (对) the accident happened last week. (错) the price has raised. (对) the price has been raised. (错) please seat. (对) please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to this key just fits the lock. your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn it sounds good. 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life she dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) she likes to swim. (错) to swim is liked by her. 12.5 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive the book sells well. 这本书销路好。 this knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build i was to blame for the accident. much work remains. 3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 the door needs repairing.= the door needs to be repaired. this room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 this book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 12.6 被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries he is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 he married a rich girl. he got married to a rich girl. 12.7 need/want/require/worth 注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。 your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 the floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 the book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 典型例题 the library needs_, but itll have to wait until sunday. a. cleaning b. be cleaned c. clean d. being cleaned 答案a. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选a。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。 典：done，“不可能已经“。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时)。,高中英语时态和语态讲解 高三英语复习指导：全面回顾被动时态和语态的应用 时态总结 4种动作时间的表现形式: 现在-动词原形 work 过去-动词过去式 worked 将来- will 过去将来- would 4种动作状态的表现形式: 一般-动词原形 work 进行-be+-ing式 am/is/are working 完成-have+过去分词 have/has worked 完成进行-have been+ing式 have/has been working 16种时态形式是由4种动作时间和4种动作状态结合而成的,具体方法只有两种: 1 变动第一个动词的形式 4种现在时态的第一个动词采用原形或现在式: 现在一般时 work 现在进行时 am/is/are working 现在完成时 have/has worked 现在完成进行时 have/has been working 4种过去时态的第一个动词用过去式: 过去一般时 worked 过去进行时 was/were working 过去完成时 had worked 过去完成进行时 had been working 2 在4种时态基本结构前加will或would: 4种将来时态都是在4种基本结构前加will(shall): 将来一般时 will work 将来进行时 will be working 将来完成时 will have worked 将来完成进行时 will have been working 4种过去将来时态都是在4种基本结构前加上would(should): 过去将来一般时 would work 过去将来进行时 would be working 过去将来完成时 would have worked 过去将来完成进行时 would have been working 用正确的时态填空： 1.He _ back a month ago. (come) 2. I _ my daughter since last month. (hear from) 3. We found the window _. (break) 4. Dont touch that _ child. (sleep) 5. There _ a physics test next Monday. (be) Key： 1. came 2. heard from 3. broken 4. sleeping 5. will be 一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时 例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. 3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例A new cinema is being built here 4） was/were done 一般过去时 例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时 例A meeting was being held when I was there. 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时 例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done 过去将来时 例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例The project will have been completed before July. 10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） 例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。 例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I dont like being laughed at in the public. 二、 如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。 例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了） 三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有： It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。 例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ） 四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？ 3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。 2形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be rea d） 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。) 4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. 5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。） 7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? 六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。 例The building is under construction( is being constructed). 2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。 例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed） 3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。 例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough 4“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。 例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。 例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 7“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。 例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。 8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。 例He took two days off within the teachers permission 七、被动语态与系表结构的区别 当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。 例The glass is broken （系表结构） The glass was broken by the boy（被动语态） 2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 例The door is locked （系表结构） The door has already/just been locked（被动语态） 3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 例 The machine is being repaired 八、被动语态与高考试题赏析 1 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析 1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993) A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 解析 B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。 2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 解析 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 3). - Have you moved into the new house? - Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting 解析 A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。 4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003） A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 解析 D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。 5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春2001） A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked 解析 B 句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。 2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。 1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。 2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海1996） A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 解析 C cant help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。 3）. I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海2002） A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 解析 A feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如to blame， to let等。 【强化训练】 1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner A are not kept；will have to B are not kept；have C do not keep；will have to D do not keep；have to 2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes，it all depends on the weather A Ive been told B Ive told C Im told D I told 4. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed 7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken 8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 9. That suit _ over 60 dollars. A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 10. - Look! Everything here is under construction. - Whats the pretty small house that _ for? A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building 11.- Do you like the material? - Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ Chinese A write B to write C to be written D written 13. I have no more letters _ ，thank you A to type B typing C to be typed D typed 14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily. A. wont wash out B. wont be washed out C. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out 15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 16. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith. A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to 17. - What do you think of the book? -Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 19. This page needed _ again. A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked 20. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercises A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching key 1-5 ACADC 6-10 BCBDA 11-15 CBCAD 16-20 DCCDB,高中英语动词时态语态复习讲解 动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, t