翻译-正反、反正法.ppt

Negation & Affirmation,Zhang Xiaowen An Qing Qi Yue Ding Xiaoyu,Introduction,英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。但由于讲英语国家的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同，因此这些国家人们的思维方式与我们有时存在很大差异。这种差别体现在语言习惯上，便产生了两种语言各自独特的表达形式。在表示否定意义时，这种差异显得尤为突出。英语的否定表达是一个常见而又 比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质上肯定的，有的形式上是肯定的而实质上是否定的。,Excuse me. 对不起。 Wet paint! 油漆未干！ Keep upright! 切勿倒置！ I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，但没料到你这样年轻。 He went into the insecure building. 他走进那所危楼。,Examples,A radar screen is not unlike a television. 雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 Dont stop working,” he said 他说：”继续干活吧。” He knew he was mortally ill. 他知道他得的是不治之症。,Examples,从以上例子中，我们可以看到，有些句子从正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，则不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正着说，以为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。因此，在恰当的场合灵活运用正反译法不失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。,Definition,英语里有些从正面表达的词语或句子，汉译时可以从反面来表达，即正说反译法(negation)； 英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子，汉译时可从正面来表达，即反说正译法(affirmation)。,英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。这类词从词形上看是肯定式,一般被称之为“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。当然，必要时其中有些词语还需加以词类转换。,正说反译法 (Negation),动词或动词短语,名词,形容词或形容词短语,介词或介词词组,副词,连接词及其短语,某些固定短语,句子,某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句,名词,There was complete absence of information on the oil deposit in this area. Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. This failure was the making of him. 。,关于该地区的石油储量情况，人们毫无所知。,由于时间不够，没能访问某些国家。,这次不成功是他成功的基础,作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：defiance（不顾；无视），denial（否认；否定），exclusion（排除），freedom（不；免除），refusal（不愿；不允许）,loss（失去）等。,By about six-thirty the sounds of aircraft, trucks and tanks had become quite familiar, but a series of small explosions nearby seemed cause for new anxiety.,大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎又造成了新的不安。,副词,The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. We may safely say so.,不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。,他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸，把它打开。,时间是我们最缺少的，但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。,我们这样说万无一失。,动词或动词短语,Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth.,科学家不承认权威是真理的最后根据。,I regret to learn that you have failed in the examination.,得知你未能通过考试，深表遗憾。,On Sunday Jim idles away his time.,星期天吉姆无所事事。,Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.,如果能设法使水不漏出来或不蒸发掉，那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。,The first bombs missed the target.,第一批炸弹没有击中目标。,类似的动词还有refuse（不愿；不肯；无法），lack（缺乏；没有），defy（不服从；不遵守；不让），forbid（不许），stop（不准）和ignore（不理；不肯考虑）等.,形容词或形容词短语,He would be the last man to say such things. The explanation is pretty thin. It would be disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.,We were watching the fluid situation with concern.,我们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。,他绝不可能说这种话。,这个解释是相当不充分的。,甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，就过就不堪设想。,类似的形容词及其短语absent（不在；不到），awkward（不熟练；不灵活；使用起来不方便），bad（令人不愉快的；不受欢迎的；不舒服的），blind（看不到；不注意)，dead（无生命的；无感觉的；不毛的），difficult（不容易的），foreign to（不适合的；与无关），short of（不够），和poor（不好的；不幸的）等。,介词或介词词组,It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. But that is very extraordinary. It seems against nature. She modeled between roles. Only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months.,他无权签订这种合同。,不过那件事很不寻常，似乎不符合自然规律。,她不演戏时当模特儿。,他们中只有一个真正在乡下生活过，不过这个人不到半年就返回了城里。,连接词及其短语,She is too careful not to have noticed it. Wear your coat or youll catch cold. I will not go unless I hear from him. Until she spoke I had not realized she was foreign.,她那么小心，不会不注意到这一点的。,穿上大衣，不然你会着凉的。,如果他不通知我，我就不去。,她要是不说话，我还一直不知道她是外国人。,某些固定短语,The escaped criminal is still at large.,逃犯仍未捉拿归案。,Lots of energy is at store. The problem has been to use the energy at a reasonable cost.,有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一合理的代价利用这些能源。,The hotel was anything but satisfactory.,这家旅馆太不让人满意了。,When Phillip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do.,菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。,句子,His grandmother is already 80, but she carries her years lightly.,他祖母已80岁了，可是并不显老。,I am wiser than to believe such stories,我还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。,If it worked once, it can work twice.,一次得手，再次不愁。,My guess is as good as yours.,我的猜测并不比你的高明。,The decision has yet to come.,决定还没有做出。,某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句,Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.,宁为鸡头，不为牛后。,Seeing is believing.,百闻不如一见。,Bite off more than one can chew.,贪多嚼不烂。,Let sleeping dog lie.,莫惹是生非,Call a spade a spade.,直言不讳。,英语中有些与not等否定词连用的词语或带有否定词缀的词语，有时可以译成汉语的肯定形式。这样做有时是为了将原文中某些否定形式所具有的肯定含义清楚地表达出来；有时也许是为了将译文组织得更加自然流畅。当然，这两种目的也常常兼而有之。,反说正译法(Affirmation),名词,动词,形容词,副词,短语,句子,名词,The machine has two serious disadvantages.,那台机器有两个严重缺陷。,The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper.,市政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露出来。,He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.,他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。,Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy.,在通常情况下，她还是能够忍受他那拥挤寒碜的家庭生活的。,形容词,Bill is too indecisive to make a good leader. This kind of birds is unusual winter visitors to China. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation.,比尔优柔寡断，当不了好领导。,这种鸟冬季很少到中国来。,博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。,希特勒对犹太人的露骨迫害行为受到全世界的谴责。,动词,她说：“罗比，把鞋带系上。”,I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.,一天，我和他乘车转了转，看看船如何卸货。,The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and disappeared among the crowds.,这个家伙从邻居的花园墙头上翻了出去，在人群中消失了。,The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.,虽然他一再解释，但疑团依然存在。,“Dont unstring your shoes, Roody,” she said.,副词,It is invariably wet when I take my holidays.,我休假时总是下雨。,The sea was, unfortunately, very rough that day.,可惜，那天的海浪很大。,Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.,许多人认为首相辞职其实是很丢面子的。,Mr. Rumsfield said the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building programme.,拉姆斯菲尔德说，苏联正以空前的规模推行制造导弹的计划。,短语,To be or not to be, that is the question.,生存还是毁灭，这是需要考虑的。,There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst.,矿泉水是解渴的最好饮料。,Her escape was nothing short of being miraculous.,她的脱险可以说是个奇迹。,Dont lose time in posting this letter.,赶快把这封信寄出去。,Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.,今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。,句子,For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.,两国关系曾疏远了许多年。,The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.,这些事件引起了我们的注意。,Such flights couldnt long escape notice.,这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。,Ashurst saw at once that Phil was not all right.,艾舍斯特马上看到菲尔出了毛病。,注意点,英语中的双重否定句,英语中的双重否定句，除了有时可以译成汉语的双重否定句外，一般说来应译成肯定句，不过，双重否定句是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to（不得不）为例，两个“不”字去掉以后意思不变，但语气强度就差多了。,There is no evil without compensation.,恶有恶报。,We cant be too careful in doing this kind of experiments.,我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。（也可译为“我们在做这类试验时无论怎样小心也不过分” 。）,There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,有一利必有一弊。,It never rains but pours.,不雨则已，雨必倾盆。,当然，有的英语双重否定句译为汉语的双重否定句更为通顺。,There is no story without coincidence.,无巧不成书。,委婉式肯定句,这是一种迂回的表示肯定的方式，字面看似否定，实为 委婉的肯定。,He didnt half like the girl.,他非常喜欢那姑娘。,I couldnt feel better.,我感觉好极了。,If that isnt what I want!,我所要的就是这个呀！,否定的陷阱,英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错，这些结构就需要我们的注意！,not.because（并非因为而）,The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.,引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。,This version is not placed first because it is simple.,此方案并非因为其简易而被放在首位的。,cannot.too（怎么也不）,The importance of this campaign cannot be overestimated.,这次战役的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。,You cannot be too careful in proofreading.,校对时，越仔细