学术论文写作(摘要etc.).ppt

2019/5/29,1,Professional Paper Writing,Chapter I General Introduction,2019/5/29,2,John Langan-an American English Writing Teacher,I received a C for the first essay. Scrawled beside the grade was the comment, “not badly written, but ill-conceived” I remember going to the instructor after class, asking about his comment as well as the word Log that he had added in the margin at various spots. “What are all these logs you put in my paper?” I asked, trying to make a joke of it.,2019/5/29,3,He looked at me a little wonderingly. “Logic, Mr. Langan,” He answered, “logic.” He went on to explain that I had not thought out my paper clearly. There were actually two ideas rather than one in my thesis, one supporting paragraph had nothing to do with either idea, another paragraph lacked a topic sentence, and so on. Ive never forgotten his last words:,2019/5/29,4,“If you dont think clearly,” he said, “you wont write clearly.” I was speechless, and I felt confused and angry. I didnt like being told that I didnt know how to think. I went back to my room and read over my paper several times. Eventually, I decided that my instructor was right. “No more logs,” I said to myself. “Im going to get these logs out of my papers.” My instructors advice was invaluable. I learned that clear, disciplined thinking is the key to effective writing.,2019/5/29,5,Clear, disciplined thinking is the key to effective writing.,2019/5/29,6,Four logical, easily followed steps,1. Discover a clearly stated point, or thesis (or topic, opinion). 2. Provide logical, detailed support for your thesis. 3. Organize and connect your supporting material. 4. Revise and edit so that your sentences are effective and error-free.,2019/5/29,7,.,steps + prewriting and revision = strong paper,2019/5/29,8,1.Classification of professional papers,report paper research paper course paper (term paper ) thesis paper (dissertation) etc.,2019/5/29,9,Kind s of Research Papers,1引用与论题有关的事实和资料，作出综述。 2在所引用的事实和资料的基础上展开分析、 论证、得出写作者自己的结论。,2019/5/29,10,The Structure of a Research Paper,Author / Affiliation (unit)（署名 ） Abstract（摘要） Key words（关键词）,2019/5/29,11,A-model,Introduction引言 1.1 Background information背景介绍 1.2 Literature Review文献回顾 1.3 Problems指出问题 1.4 Purpose提出问题 1.5 Value研究价值 1.6 Organization结构,2019/5/29,12,正文 ( Body) 1. Methodology实验方法 -Theoretical analysis/experimental description, 2. Results实验结果 3. Analysis / Discussion分析/讨论 Conclusion结论,2019/5/29,13,Appendixes附录 Acknowledgments致谢 Footnotes脚注 References参考文献 Resume / Biography作者简介,2019/5/29,14,B-model,Introduction引言 1 Background information背景介绍 2 Literature Review文献回顾 3 Problems指出问题 4 Purpose提出问题 5 Value研究价值 6 Organization结构,2019/5/29,15,7 Methodology实验方法 -Theoretical analysis/experimental description, 8 Results实验结果 9 Analysis / Discussion分析/讨论 10 Conclusion结论,2019/5/29,16,Appendixes附录 Acknowledgments致谢 Footnotes脚注 References参考文献 Resume / Biography作者简介,2019/5/29,17,Title,英文题名的结构 1.以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一 个 或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。 2.英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。英文题名开头第一个字不得用The, And, An和A。 3.英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式: A.全部字母大写; B.每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介 词全部小写; C.题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。 4.中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。,2019/5/29,18,2. Writing Requirements,1) Using more nouns, noun phrases and gerunds (v-ing) 2) Using an Incomplete Sentence 3) Being brief and concise-no more than 20 words. 4) Avoiding question titles 5) Being unified,2019/5/29,19,3. Printing,1)首字母大写：实词、5个字母的介词、conj. 2)居中 3)若为两行，呈倒金字塔型 4)一般不用缩略语 （HFPA, IELTS) Hollywood Foreign Press Association, International English Language Testing System 5)不用下划线、引号、问号,2019/5/29,20,Chapter III Author,Rules of Spelling Chinese Magazine 2) English Magazine Zhang Guobin Li Ning, Zhao Bin LI Ning, ZHAO Bin,2019/5/29,21,2) English name,Linda Jane Smith (first name/ given name) (middle name) (last name/ surname/ family name) Linda Smith / Linda J. Smith,2019/5/29,22,2. Writing Requirements,1) Printing Format Unified 2) Number of Authors 2 persons- A+ and+ B 3 persons- A+B+ and +C (Or-A+ et al) 4 persons- A + et al. 3) Professional Title Omitted Professor, Chief Manager, Doctor, etc.,2019/5/29,23,Zhang Guobin Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, The Peoples Republic of China,2019/5/29,24,4) Address The institutional affiliation (an employer),2019/5/29,25,Chapter 4 Abstract,非英语专业博士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲：要求30 分钟内写出150 词左右的短文。形式是命题作文或写摘要大意。要求作文切题、摘要及大意概括恰当。,2019/5/29,26,I. Categories of Abstracts,1. Descriptive abstracts 1) Definition A descriptive abstract usually states the general subject matter of the paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.,2019/5/29,27,2) Qualities,This report describes the characteristics of both Venus (金星) and Mercury (水星）covering size, rotation（自转）, revolution(指行星运行) about the sun, density, physical appearance and atmosphere. New findings about Mercurys magnet field are presented. Conclusions about Earths early history are drawn from Mercurys cratered(火山口) surface and Earths ancient rocks.,2019/5/29,28,2. Informative abstracts. 1) Definition An informative abstract is a summary of the key information in your complete report.,2019/5/29,29,II. Location,Cultural Differences Between China and England Huang Ying Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan,410082) Abstract Key Words,2019/5/29,30,III. Writing Requirements,1. 长度: 1) 150200个词左右 2) 文章长度的五分之一。 3) 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数，在投 稿前应查询。 4) 若刊物没有规定长度时，可参阅已发表的文 章长度。 5) 参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制，一般要求 300500个词左右，约1000个印刷符号。,2019/5/29,31,2. 翻译要求,1）不要重复论文中的句子。 2）避免列举大堆数据。 3）一般只是一个段落，不要将其分为数段。 4）不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格、不明确的缩写 等。 5）完成论文后再写摘要。 6）一般使用第三人称。 7）语言需简明扼要。 8）尽量采用-ing分词和-ed分词作定语，少用关系代词which，who等引导的定语从句。,2019/5/29,32,摘要的时态和语态：,时态 1.叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。 2.在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前 发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。 3.说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。 4.摘要开头表示本文所“报告”或“描述”的内容，以及摘要 结尾表示作者所“认为“的观点和”建议“的做法时，可采 用一般现在时。 语态： 被动语态-在多数情况下； 主动语态-表达作者或有关专家的观点时，其优点是鲜明有力。,2019/5/29,33,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，认为： 1）两个摘要的内容”差不多就行”， 2）认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，,2019/5/29,34,IV. Content and Structure of Descriptive Abstracts,1. Content 1) Point out the subject of the paper 2) Introduce the important points discussed in the paper 3) Give a conclusion: sources, significance, suggestions, recommendations, etc.,2019/5/29,35,英文摘要的内容四部分： 主题、目的、方法、结果、结论,2019/5/29,36,2. Formalized Structure 1) topic sentence 2) supporting sentences 3) concluding sentence (s),2019/5/29,37,V. 摘要翻译,2019/5/29,38,VI. “5A Strategy” for Abstract Writing,Q1-What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field? Q2-What research topic is the paper to focus on? Q3-What method or material do you used to support your main point of view? Q4-What conclusion will you draw? Q5-What is the main contribution of the paper?,2019/5/29,39,Formula(公式):,Abstract= A(answer)1 + A2 +A3 +A4 +A5 A1 to Q1- 1 sentence A2 to Q2- 1 topic sentence,1-2 supporting sentences A3 to Q3- 2-3 sentences to give specific information about the research A4 to Q4- 1 sentence A5 to Q5-1 sentence,2019/5/29,40,描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。 例如，英文中有不少动词，do，run，get，take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如 perform，achieve等，以便于读者理解。,2019/5/29,41,英文摘要的常用词,(1)回顾研究背景,常用的词汇有 review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。 (2)阐明写作或研究目的,常用的词汇有 purpose, attempt, aim等。此外,还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。 (3)介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围,常用的词汇有 study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。,2019/5/29,42,摘要的常用句型：,尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律 （1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to This paper describes The purpose of this study is （2）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect /sensitivity / function of was observed / detected /studied.,2019/5/29,43,（3）表示研究的结果： The result showed It proved The authors found that （4）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors sugges / conclude / consider that,2019/5/29,44,(4)介绍研究或试验过程,常用的词汇有 test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 (5)说明研究或试验方法,常用的词汇有 measure, estimate, calculate等。 (6)展示研究成果,常用的词汇有show, result, present等。,2019/5/29,45,(7)介绍结论,常用的词汇有summary, introduce, conclude等。 (8)陈述论文的论点和作者的观点,常用的词汇有suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。,2019/5/29,46,(9)阐明论证,常用的词汇有 support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。 (10)推荐和建议,常用的词汇有 suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。,2019/5/29,47,1.Topic sentences patterns e.g. The paper presents a simple prescription for estimating the energy at which nuclear forces begin to play a role in experiments.,2019/5/29,48,-The purpose of this paper is -The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following -The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of ,2019/5/29,49,2. Supporting Sentences patterns,Research methods -The method used in our study is known as -A number of experiments were performed to check. -This formula is verified by ,2019/5/29,50,Experiments Procedures Investigations Calculations Analyses Results Other significant information item,2019/5/29,51,3. Concluding Sentence (s),to analyze the results to explain the application to point out the significance of the research,2019/5/29,52,Patterns,-In conclusion, we state that -The results of the experiment indicate that -The research work has brought about a discovery of ,2019/5/29,53,Chapter 5 Key words,关键词可作为文献检索或分类的标识,2019/5/29,54,1. Requirements for Tanslation,1) 35 key words 2) 每个关键词或词组用逗号“，”或分号“；”或者 空格与下一个词或词组隔开， 3) 最后一个关键词没有标点符号。 4) 关键词以名词或名词短语居多， 5) 如果使用缩略语，则应为公认Standard Abbreviations (according to International Standard Organization). 和普遍使用的缩略语，如：IP，AIDS，CAM。否则应写出全称，其后用括号标出其缩略语形式。6) 除非本来就是专有名词，关键词的第一个字母一般不大写。,2019/5/29,55,Chapter 6 References / Bibliography,2019/5/29,56,I. Forms of References or Bibliography,MLA Form (MLA参考文献格式) - Works Cited -适合人文科学及部分社会科学期刊类论 made by Modern Language Association (美国现代语言协会),2019/5/29,57,APA Form(APA参考文献格式) -References -多适用于科技学术期刊、社会科学和自然科学 类论文 made by American Psychological Association (美国心理学会）,2019/5/29,58,Chicago Form (Chicago 参考文献格式)-Bibliography -可用于人文科学类和自然科学类论文 made by University of Chicago Press （芝加哥大学出版社）,2019/5/29,59,著作类:,MLA -Works Cited Hall, J.V. International Business. Boston: KENT Publishing Co., 1992 APA- References Hall, J.V. (1992) International business. Boston: KENT Publishing Co. Chicago -Bibliography J.V. Hall. International Business. Boston: KENT Publishing Co., 1992,2019/5/29,60,文章类：,MLA Punnett, B.J. “Valuing the Health Benefits of Clean Air.” Science 25 (July 1992) : 812-817. APA Punnett, B.J. (1992) . Valuing the health benefits of clean air. Science 25, 812-817. Chicago B.J. Punnett. “Valuing the Health Benefits of Clean Air.” Science 25 (July 1992) : 812-817.,2019/5/29,61,电子资料类,电子资料的注释通常按以下顺序排列：作者（如果有的话）、题目、建立的日期（放在括号内）、Online、Available：（写网址）、访问日期（放在中括号内）。 Karl, David M.（1999）A