词汇教案PPT(第四章).ppt

,第四章 词的意义,A word is the smallest significant unit of the speech and can appear in isolation. A word has its form -meaning -and its reference. We can judge the word by its motivation（理据） Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning. We can judge the word form four aspects:,I.Phonetic motivation (onomatopoeia) （语音理据或拟声理据）,Onomatopoeic motivation is derived from Greek onomatopoiia-means “word-making”. Onoma,-matos“name” + poieo”make”. It is also called “imitative word or echo word. It means defining the principle of motivation by sound.,1）Primary onomatopoeia （指音与义的相似）,Which means the imitation of sound by sound, here the sound is truly an “echo to the sense” the reference itself is an acoustic experience which is more or less closely imitated by the phonetic structure of the word. Terms like crack, growl, hum, roar, bark, yelp, buzz and howl whiz and a great many others fall into this category.鸟兽等的叫声也属于这一范畴,Some examples,Bears growl Bulls bellow pig grunt Cats mew ducks quack Eagles scream bee/flies buss Frogs croak Goats bleat Hens cluck Lions roar Pigeons coo wolf howl,2）Secondary onomatopoeia（指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想）,which means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship. In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement. peng、 bang 、dingdong 、 tick-tack 、 pit-pat spash 、 whisper,II. Morphologic motivation (grammatical motivation or its word-formation,形态理据) III. Semantic Motivation （语义理据） IV. Etymology motivation . （词源理据）,I 词义分析和语义场,1) 词义分析 Every word has one or more than one meaning. We can analyses the word by its semantic features. All languages, for example, distinguish nouns that categorize abstract from concrete experience; animate from inanimate referents; human from non-human; male from female. The word man has the following features;human,adult. maleand concrete. This kind of analysis is known as componential analysis.,Semantic features are established on the basis of binary opposition. For example, we can factor out male-female as the binary opposition that holds between the noun pairs: Man woman Boy girl Rooster hen Bull cow To capture this generalization, a binary feature +-male can be established. with the same list we can factor out an opposition between human and non-human:,Man rooster Woman hen Boy bull Girl cow And the opposition adult-young as in: Man boy Woman girl We can thus set up three binary semantic features;+male,+_adult,+- human. Using these terms we can characterize man, woman, boy, girl bull and cow semantically as among other things; man male, +adult,+ human woman -male,+ adult, +human boy +male, -adult, +human girl-male, -adult, +human bull+male, -adult, -human cow-male, +adult, - human,2) 语义场 Another way of word analysis is semantic field,语义场就是同类的词由于它们之间紧密的联系而形成的一个词汇小体系，这些词具有它们的共有的语义成分，体现了它们的概念核心。语义场可以分为同义、近义、类义、反义等几种。 Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English arranges the English Vocabulary as 14 semantic fields.,1.Life and living things 2.The body; its function and welfare 3.People and the family 4.Buildings, housed, the home, Clothes, Belongings, and Personal Care 5.Food, Drinks and Farming 6.Feelings, Emotions, Attitude and Sensations 7.Thought and Communication, Language and Grammar,8.Substances, Materials, Objects and Equipment 9.Arts and Crafts, Science and Technology, Industry and Education 10.Numbers, Measurement, Money and Commerce 11.Entertainment, Sports, and Games 12.Space and Time 13.Movement, Location, Travel and Transport 14.General and Abstract Terms But with the same meaning, different cultures have different words for it .,II 词义的组成,词义分为语法意义（grammatical meaning）和词汇意义(lexical meaning) In our course, we mainly deal with the lexical meaning. English linguist Geoffrey Leech arranges the lexical meaning for 7 types. 1） Conceptual meaning,2） connotative meaning, 3）stylistic meaning, 4）affective meaning,5） reflected meaning, 6）collocative meaning and7） thematic meaning.,1. 概念意义（conceptual meaning ） The conceptual meaning is the core of the word meaning, it has the direct meaning of the reference .It is also called referential meaning while the associative meaning is the attached meaning of the word, it is changeable because of the changing style and its affection.,关联意义 (associative meaning).,the associative meaning is the attached meaning of the word, it is changeable because of the changing style and its affection.,3. connotative meaning: is the word suggests or implies. West culture and east culture have different connotative meaning with the same word. A)E.g. moon, dragon, pine , bamboo. Owl ，eagle , mouse ,as poor as the church mouse quiet as a mouse as timid as a hare as cool as a cucumber as strong as a horse as busy as a bee the lion in the way laugh off the head,B) The colors,red white blue black yellow green,4.Stylistic meaning,is “that which is a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use” by Leech. Three kinds of words 1.common words 2.formal words 3.informal words,1.Common words;,Common words are the core of the English vocabulary. They contain many parts if speech, such as: nouns denoting relations (father, mother, sister, brother), denoting parts of the human body (head, hand, arm, leg, foot), denoting names of natural phenomena (sun, moon, field, river, grass), denoting things for life (home, room, chair, bed, cup, plate); verbs denoting mans activity ( see, hear, live , eat, drink. work), and adj, denoting the nature of things ( good, bad, strong, small, big and many others) They can be used on both formal and informal occasions.,2.Formal words:,Learned