医学英语词汇课件.ppt

Medical Vocabulary,Teaching Office of Fundamental Nursing Wang Juan,construction,English Medical Terminology professional literature reading Writing for Abstract of Medical Thesis ISPN and Related Issues,Nursing Process Health Assessment Community Health Nursing Nursing Care of the Oldest Old Promoting Coping in Hospitalized Children Midwifery and Perinatal Care Principles and Methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Nursing,医学英语词汇概述,教学内容 医学英语语词的来源 医学英语词汇特点 医学词根、前缀、后缀,词 源,古英语： 数量极少，只是最基本的人体解剖术语和与人体基本生理功能和疾患相关术语。 有些单词意义基本没有变化： blood; bone; eye; mouth; hand 拼写、读音、意义都发生变化： chest breast,词 源,希腊语： 借自希腊语的前缀： peri-(周围，围绕，靠近)；auto-(自己，独自) 借自希腊语的词根： append(o)-(阑尾)；mast(o)-(乳腺，乳房) 借自希腊语的单词： colon-(结肠)；coma-(昏迷),词 源,拉丁语： 借自拉丁语的前缀： re-(再，又，重新)；centi-(百) 借自拉丁语的词根： audi(o)-(听觉，听力)； urin(o)-(尿) 借自拉丁语的单词： medicine-(医学)；tumor-(肿瘤),词 源,阿拉伯语：syrup 法语：hospital; benigh 德语：aspirin; gene 意大利语：influenza; malaria 西班牙语：mosquito; quinine,词 源,中医术语： yin(阴)；yang(阳)；jing(精)；qi(气) tui na(推拿)；acupuncture point(穴位),医学英语词汇主要特点,1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇 2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近 3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀 4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词 5、一个意义常有多个表达,1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇 Irrigation:冲洗-灌溉 Solution:溶液-解决问题 Labor:分娩-劳力 Indication:适应-指示 Secondary:继发性中级的,2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近 音近： penicillin:盘尼西林 Gua Sha: 刮痧 形近： milk tooth:乳齿 chicken breast:鸡胸,3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀 Electrocardiogram：心电图 Autotransplantation:自体移植,4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词 字母缩略词： 取自短语:BP=Blood Pressure SARS=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 取自单词：ECG=electrocardiogram 截短词：cardiogram=electrocardiogram,5、一个意义常有多个表达 近视： myopia; near-sighted; near/short-sightedness 小便： urinate(V.); urine(n.) pass water; pee,医学英语词汇结构,医学词素(morpheme)： 医学词根(root) 医学词缀(affix:prefix,suffix),医学英语词汇结构,词根： 可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同 erythr(o)- 1、自由词根：abdomen 2、黏着词根：vas(o)-,医学英语词汇结构,前缀（prefix）： 置于词根前对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素 1、指事物基本状况的前缀：a-,dys-,hyper- 2、指时间、方位或位置的前缀： ex-,in-,peri-,sub-,trans- 3、指相互关系的前缀：auto-,idio-,homo- 4、指数字的前缀：uni-,bi-,tri-,cent-,医学英语词汇结构,后缀（suffix）： 置于词根后对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素 常常用于单词后作为添加词素来改变词汇含义的一小部分或改变词性，但不可能改变一个单词的含义 简单后缀（simple suffix） 复合性后缀（compound suffix）,医学英语词汇结构,简单后缀： 形容词后缀：-ar,-ic,-itic 动词后缀：-ize,-ate,-fy 名词后缀：-oma,-ia,-itis 副词后缀：-ad,-ward,-wise,医学英语词汇结构,复合性后缀： 由部分词根和简单后缀结合而成 -graphy=-graph+y:process of recording -logy=-log+y:study,science -uria=-ur+ia:urine condition,连接元音字母： 在两个词素之间常会被添加进一个连接元音字 母，以使人们在连读这两个词素时，在语音上顺 口流畅。 连接元音字母大多出现在两个词素相连而后一个词素的起始字母发辅音的情况下，尤其是在前一个词素的末尾字母发辅音而后一个词素的起始字母也发辅音的情况下。,6个连接元音字母： o:为最常见的连接元音字母 i:为较常见的连接元音字母 a,e,u:较少见的连接元音字母 y:为最少见连接元音字母,-o-: therm（温）+meter（测量器）：thermometer -i-：insect（虫）+cide（杀）：insecticide -a-：pent（五）+gon（角）：pentagon -e-：liqu（液）+fy（化）：liquefy -u-：cent（百）+ple（倍）：centuple,连接元音字母的标注：一个词素在后连另一词素时 需要添加的连接元音字母是特定的。 my-,myo-:肌 ost-,osto-:骨 dent-,denti-,dento-:牙 ant-,anti-:对立，反抗，制止,快速记忆,-centesis 穿刺术 -graphy 记录，摄影 -plasty 成型术 -scopy 镜检 -stasis 停止，制止,测试,arthrocentesis cardiography myoplasty cystoscopy mycostasis pelvimetry,关节穿刺术 心电图 肌成型术 膀胱镜检查 抑制霉菌作用 骨盆测量仪,医学英语常用词根及构词,呼吸系统（The respiratory system),This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them. The purpose of this system is to take in air ,and from it extract oxygen which is then dissolved into the blood and conveyed to all the tissues . A waste product of the cells ,carbon dioxide ,is taken by the blood to the lungs ,whence it is expelled to the outside air.,The respiratory system,1、呼吸breath 词根：-pnea,pneum(o)-,pneumat(o)-,-spir(o) 例词：orthopnea端坐呼吸；pneumothorax气胸； expiration呼气 2、鼻nose 词根：nas(o)-,rhin(o)- 例词：nasopharynx鼻咽；rhinitis鼻炎,3、喉throat 词根：laryng(o)- 例词：laryngitis喉炎； 4、气管windpipe 词根：trache(o)- 例词：tracheotomy气管切开术； tracheal气管的,The respiratory system,5、支气管bronchi 词根：bronch(o)- 例词：bronchiectasis支气管扩张； bronchitis支气管炎,The respiratory system,6、肺lung： 词根：pneumon(o)-,pulmo(n)(o)- 例词：pneumonia肺炎；pulmonary肺的 7、胸chest： 词根：thorac(o)- 例词：thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术；,The respiratory system,Practice,Respiratory distress syndrome Pneumonia Lung ventilation Metabolic compensation dyspnea,呼吸窘迫综合征 肺炎 肺通气 代谢代偿 呼吸困难,Diagnostic terms,Inspection：视诊 Auscultation ：听诊 Percussion：叩诊 Palpation：触诊,Abbreviations,ARDS Bronch COPD CPR CXR DPT,Abbreviations,ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CXR: Chest X-ray DPT: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,The circulatory system,The heart ,blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes all make up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body tissues, bringing with it food ,oxygen and other substances ,and carrying away waste materials.,The circulatory system,1、心heart： 词根：cardi(o)- 例词：electrocardiogram心电图； cardiomyopathy心肌病 2、心房auricle： 词根：atri(o)- 例词：atrial心房的；sinoatrial窦房的,The circulatory system,3、心室ventricle： 词根：ventricul(o)- 例词：ventricular心室的； interventricular室间的 4、瓣膜valve： 词根：valvul(o)- 例词：valvular瓣膜的,The circulatory system,5、血管vessel： 词根：vas(o)-,angi(o)- 例词：vasculitis血管炎； angiography血管造影 6、动脉artery： 词根：arteri(o)- 例词：arteriography动脉造影； arteritis动脉炎,The circulatory system,7、静脉vein： 词根：ven(o)-,phleb(o)- 例词：venous静脉的；phlebitis静脉炎 8、主动脉aorta： 词根：aort(o)- 例词：aortitis主动脉炎；aortic主动脉的,The circulatory system,9、毛细血管capillary： 词根：capillar(o)- 例词：postcapillary后毛细血管； 10、脉搏pulse: 词根：puls(o)-,sphygm(o)- 例词：pulse脉搏；sphygmogram脉搏图,Practice,Acute myocardial infarction Primary coronary stenting Angioplasty Prospective study Intracoronary stent,急性心肌梗死 冠状动脉主支架术 血管成形术 前瞻性研究 冠状动脉内支架,Abbreviations,AF BP Cath CCU CHD CHF,CVP DVT HDL LDL,Abbreviations,AF：atrial fibrillation BP: blood pressure Cath: catheterization CCU: coronary care unit CHD: coronary heart disease CHF: congestive heart failure,Abbreviations,CVP: central venous pressure DVT: deep venous thrombosis HDL: high-density lipoprotein LDL: low-density lipoprotein,The digestive system,This system comprises all organs which have to do with taking in food and converting the useful parts of it into substances that the body cells can use .Examples of these organs are the mouth, the teeth ,and the alimentary tract.,The digestive system,1、咽throat： 词根：pharyng(o)- 例词：pharyngitis咽炎 2、胃stomach： 词根：gastr(o)-,stomach(o)- 例词：gastritis胃炎；stomachache胃痛,The digestive system,3、肠intestine： 词根：enter（o）- 例词：enteritis肠炎 4、消化digestion： 词根：peps(o)-,-gest(o)- 例词：dyspepsia消化不良；digestion消化,The digestive system,5、胆囊gallbladder： 词根：cholecyst(o)- 例词：cholecystitis胆囊炎； 6、肝liver: 词根：hepat(o)- 例词：hepatitis肝炎；hepatocyte肝细胞,The digestive system,7、阑尾appendix： 词根：appendic(o)- 例词：appendicular阑尾的； appendicitis阑尾炎,Practice,Hypoplasia Left hepatic lobe Gallbladder,发育不全 左肝叶 胆囊,The urinary system,Its main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. Its purpose is to filter out and rid of the body of certain waste products taken by the blood from the cells.,The urinary system,1、尿urine: 词根：urin(o)-,ur(o)- 例词：urine尿；hematuria血尿 2、肾kidney： 词根：ren(o)-,nephr(o)- 例词：suprarenal肾上的；nephritis肾炎 3、输尿管ureter: 词根：ureter(o)- 例词：ureteric输尿管的；,The urinary system,4、膀胱bladder 词根：vesic(o)-,cyst(o)- 例词：vesical膀胱的；cystitis膀胱炎,The urinary system,5、前列腺prostate： 词根：prostat(o)- 例词：prostatic前列腺的；prostatitis前列腺炎,Practice,Transitional cell carcinoma Chronic renal failure Invasive bladder cancer Renal pelvic tumor,移行细胞癌 慢性肾衰 侵袭性膀胱癌 肾盂肿瘤,Abbreviations,ADH ARF CRF IVP UA UTI cysto,Abbreviations,ADH: antidiuretic hormone ARF: acute renal failure CRF: chronic renal failure IVP: intravenous pyelogram UA: urinalysis UTI: urinary tract infection cysto: cystoscopic examination,The endocrine system,A few scattered organs know as endocrine glands produce special substances called hormones, which regulates such body functions as growth, food utilization within the cells ,and reproduction.,The endocrine system,1、分泌secretion： 词根：crin(o)-,secret(o)- 例词：endocrine内分泌；secretive分泌的 2、腺gland: 词根：aden(o)- 例词：adenoma腺瘤； 3、下丘脑hypothalamus： 词根：hypothalam(o)- 例词：hypothalamus下丘脑； hypothalamic下丘脑的,The endocrine system,4、垂体pituitary： 词根：pitui- 例词：pituitary垂体； 5、甲状腺thyroid： 词根：thyr(o)- 例词：thyroiditis甲状腺炎,The endocrine system,6、钙calcium： 词根：calc(i)- 例词：calcification钙化 7、皮质cortex： 词根：cortic(o)- 例词：corticosteroid皮质类固醇,The endocrine system,8、胸腺thymus： 词根：thym(o)- 例词：thymosin胸腺素； thymocyte胸腺细胞 9、葡萄糖glucose： 词根：gluc(o)- 例词：glucocorticoids糖皮质激素,Practice,Perturbation Cortisol Estrogen Growth hormone thyroid,紊乱 皮质醇 雌激素 生长激素 甲状腺的,Abbreviations,BMR GTT HGH FBS TFT,Abbreviations,BMR: basal metabolic rate GTT: glucose tolerance test HGH: human growth hormone FBS: fasting blood sugar TFT: thyroid function test,The nervous system,The brain ,the spinal cord and the nerves all make up this very complex system by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated. The organs of special sense, sometimes classed as a separate sensory system, together with the sense of touch ,receive stimuli from the outside world, which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain determines to a great extent the bodys responses to messages from without and within ,and in it occur such higher functions as memory and reasoning.,1、脑brain： 词根：encephal(o)- 例词：encephalitis脑炎； 2、大脑cerebrum： 词根：cerebr(o)- 例词：cerebrovascular脑血管的,The nervous system,3、丘脑thalamus： 词根：thalam(o)- 例词：epithalamus上丘脑；subthalamus底丘脑 4、髓质marrow： 词根：medull(o)- 例词：medullary髓质的,The nervous system,The nervous system,5、脑膜、脊膜membrane： 词根：mening(o)- 例词：meningitis脑膜炎 6、脑室ventricle： 词根：ventricul(o)- 例词：intraventricular脑室内的,The nervous system,7、脊柱spine： 词根：spin(o)- 例词：spinal脊柱的；cerebrospinal脑脊的 8、运动motor： 词根：-kinesia 例词：bradykinesia运动迟缓； hyperkinesia运动过多,The nervous system,9、迷走vagus： 词根：vag(o)- 例词：vagal迷走的； 10、精神、意志mind： 词根：psych(o)- 例词：psychotic精神的；psychiatry精神病学 11、神经nerve： 词根：neur(o)- 例词：neuroscience神经科学； neurology神经病学,The nervous system,12、交感神经sympathetic nerve： 词根：sympath(o)- 例词：sympathoblast成交感神经细胞 13、观念，理想idea: 词根：ide(o)- 例词：ideal观念的；idealism理想主义,Practice,Encephalitis Signal intensity Upper pons Brainstem Magnetic resonance,脑炎 信号强度 上桥脑 脑干 磁共振,Abbreviations,CSF CNS CVA ICP LP,Abbreviations,CSF: cerebrospinal fluid CNS: central nervous system CVA: cerebrovascular accident ICP: intracranial pressure LP: lumbar puncture,The integumentary system,The word “integument” means “skin”. The skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system. It includes the hair, nails ,sweat and oil gland ,and other related structures .,1、眼eye: 词根：ocul(o)-; 例词：oculomotor动眼的；,The integumentary system Sense organs,The integumentary system,2、角膜cornea： 词根：corne(o)-;kerat(o)- 例词：corneal角膜的；keratitis角膜炎 3、结膜conjunctiva: 词根：conjunctiv(o)- 例词：conjunctival结膜的,The integumentary system,4、皮肤skin： 词根：cut(i)-;derm(o)-;dermat(o)- 例词：subcutaneous皮下的；dermatitis皮炎,The integumentary system,5、耳ear： 词根：auri-;auricul(o)-;ot(o)- 例词：auricula耳廓；auris耳； 6、感觉sensation: 词根：sens(o)-; 例词：sensory感觉的；,The integumentary system,7、视觉、视力vision： 词根：-opia 例词：diplopia复视；myopia近视,The integumentary system,8、瞳孔pupil: 词根：pupill(o)- 例词：pupillometer瞳孔计； 9、听觉、听力hearing： 词根：audi(o)-; 例词：audiology听力学,The integumentary system Sense organs,10、嗅觉、嗅smell： 词根：olfact(o)-;-osm(o)- 例词：olfactory嗅觉的 11、味觉taste： 词根：gust(o)-; 例词：gustation味觉,Practice,Pupil Intracutaneous Myopia Rhinitis,瞳孔 皮内的 近视 鼻炎,Abbreviations,IOP OD OS OU VA VF,Abbreviations,IOP: intraocular pressure OD: right eye OS: left eye OU: each eye VA: visual acuity VF: visual field,The skeletal and muscular system,The basic framework of the body is a system of over 200 bones with their joints. Collectively know as the skeleton. Body movements are due to the action of the muscles which are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the heart.,1、肌肉muscle： 词根：muscul(o)-;my(o)- 例词：myoglobin肌红蛋白 2、骨bone： 词根：os-;osse(o)-;oste(o) 例词：ossicles小骨；ossification成骨；,The skeletal and muscular system,3、韧带ligament： 词根：ligament(o)-;syndesm(o)- 例词：ligamentous韧带的,The skeletal and muscular system,4、骨骼skeleton： 词根：skelet(o)- 例词：skeletal骨骼的 5、颅骨skull： 词根：crani(o)- 例词：craniofacial颅面的；craniometer颅骨量器,The skeletal and muscular system,4、盘disk： 词根：disc(o)- 例词：discitis关节盘炎,The skeletal and muscular system,5、肋骨rib： 词根：costa;cost(o)- 例词：intercostals肋间的；,The skeletal and muscular system,6、关节joint： 词根：arthr(o)- 例词：arthritis关节炎； arthrodesis关节固定术,The skeletal and muscul