自考英美文学选读课件(超级完整版).ppt

,Anthology of English and American Literature,英美文学选读,What is literature? Is it necessary or important in modern society? 什么是文学？今天我们还需要文学吗？,主讲内容,一、考试主要题型、特点和应考策略； 二、以讲解关键词的方法作全书梳理，包括各个时期重要的文学理念，核心观点； 三、结合真题对重点作家做总结和预测,第一讲,考试题型分析及应考策略,一、考试题型分析 1.选择题（40/25） 40，22（英国），18（美国），主要考查：基本知识点、理解（10） 趋势：选择题难度上升，主观题难度下降。,2.阅读（44)要求指出： A）作者和作品出处（1分） B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分） C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。,09年真题,41. Wherefore feed and clothe and save From the cradle to the grave Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat- nay, drink your blood? Questions: A. Identify the poet and the title of the poem from which the stanza is taken. B. What figure of speech is used in Line 2? C. Whom does “drones” refer to?,3.简答（64)内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。 4.讨论（210)考查：文学流派与作家解析，作品主题、人物、情节、叙事方法等分析,二、应试技巧（主观题） 基本方法：核心观点+实际问题 答题时最好用A,B,C或123等符号将答案分割成几点； 英文的书写与拼写 语法,做简答题或论述题的答题要点,A. 关于历史时期的介绍 1 时间+来源 (0.5分-1分) 2 历史背景(不需要扩充) (1-2分) 3 该时期中最重要的创作思想以及影响该时期的大背景(2-3分) 4 代表作家以及代表作品简介(1分) 5 影响 (0.51分),B. 论述题中人物性格分析的答题要点： 1 利用题目发挥 (0.5-1分) 2 该任务的代表时期，属于哪个阶层 (12分) 3 作品中人物经历的有关情节 (23分) 4 该人物的直接性格分析 (12分) 5 该人物的文学性格分析 (34分) 6 作用影响语言风格等 (0.51分),C. 论述题中关于作家的分析 1 利用题目发挥 (0.51分) 2 该作家所处的历史背景 (12 分) 3 该作家的语言风格 (12分) 4 该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题 (23分) 5 关于典型作品的有关情节 (12分) 6 影响 (0.51 分),英美文学选读答题套语,Sb. launches possibly the sharpest and the fiercest attack upon the very foundations of the corrupt feudalism/capitalist world. The penetrating hit at the very heart of capitalism is driven home. no other than=nothing more than is discernible. Lengthy accounts are given to,Sb. perceptively states that Sth. bears some resemblance with draws influence from in essence prolific play a pivotal role in The significance of lies rather in the portrayal of,It affords the readers a whole gallery of vivid portraits of the people of all stratum. gives an encyclopedic creation of shows a genuine sympathy for every character ones creative finger touched came alive leaves unforgettable impressions on the readers mind. The great humorists of the world are few in number, and Mark Twain is of that choice company.,评分标准： 1）答出参考答案多数要点且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分； 2)考生答非所问不给分； 3）内容和语言综合考虑，语言表达不好的要适当扣分，原则如下： a)语言通顺，表达清楚，语法错误和拼写错误很少，基本根据内容评分； b)语言基本通顺，有少数语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的20%； c)语言不通顺，表达不连贯，有较多语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的40%； d)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思，扣该题分值的60%。,常考不衰的重点： 文艺复兴的文学特色及其核心作家；英国浪漫主义与美国浪漫主义；自然主义；意象主义；现实主义；现代主义（英国） 必考的作家： Shakespeare; Milton; Defoe; Fielding; Shelley; Austen; Dickens; Hardy; T.S.Eliot; Hawthorne; Whitman；Mark Twain; Dreiser; Pound; Hemingway; Faulkner,考过的是否会重考？ 1.任何考题都有可能在其他题型中重考； 2. 选择题有可能重考； 3. 考过的问答题不会重考，但同一作家可重考；,复习建议：把握英国重点部分，死记美国所有部分 1）思考，理解； 2) 比较记忆和联想记忆； 关键词 个章节时代介绍； 重要引语；作家作品名称的拼写； 参考资料：原教材辅导书，近5年真题,最新考纲要求,调整后的英美文学选读自学考试大纲将于2009年4月考试试行。 一、关于考核知识点的调整 考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。 二、 关于考核要求的调整 考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包 含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。,5分钟巧记所有作家,英国 小沙弥在看非州的Swift吹笛子, 布来克/澳雪(在旁边)华华叫, (吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安宁, (气得)萧伯纳踢死(T.S)了劳伦斯 美国 挥霍的梅姑娘.(看见)James骑马D答D答响, (后面跟着) 肥仔老罗和发福的海明威,大纲调整后的特点,二、大纲调整后的特点 （一）新大纲更加突出了英美各个文学时期的时代特点。如：文艺复兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。 （二）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。从这个意义上讲，命题的焦点集中了。 （三）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。 三、大纲调整后的复习方法 （一）概述： 考试大纲调整以后，可命题的作家的数量减少了，但命题的深度会增加；同时，由于作家数量的减少，这也意味着在每一章的概述部分和作品选读部分的命题点会增多。 （二）每章概述部分的复习重点 在对这部分的复习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定以及其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时代特点和突出文学成就也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。 （三）每章重点作家的复习重点 作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。 （四）每章作品选读的复习重点 作品选读前面的斜体字部分的简介和概括；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部分，小说作品中的人物关系。,第二讲,英美文学的发展脉络,The Renaissance Period,1)It marks a transition from_ to the _world. 2) It refers to the period between _ and _. 3) a) revival or rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture; b)introduction of Humansim; c) new ideas pros and cons in the interest of the rising bourgeoisie; d) the development of early science; e) the religious Reformation or religious struggle in the folk life; f）the shaping of nationalism.,Humanism a)Emphasis of man and individual, man is the measure of all things; b)Humanists try to exalt human nature and regard human beings as glorious creatures capable of Individual development toward perfection with life to question, explore and enjoy; c) Emphasis of human values, dignity, ambitions and the present life rather than the afterlife.,The Achievement of the Elizabethan Drama,1)It is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. It is not until the Elizabethan age, under the influence of the Renaissance, that drama was developed into a mature art form. And great dramatists like_, _, _ appeared on the stage; 2)By imitating the romances, embracing the mysteries of German legend, and combing the poetic fancy with the facts of daily life, they made a vivid depiction of the sharp conflicts between feudalism and the rising bourgeoisie; 3)The drama, with _ as the master, stands out as a monument of the Renaissance, which is unrivaled for pure creative power by any other product of that epoch.,Representatives: Chaucer:_ Spenser: _ Marlowe：_ Shakespeare:_ Bacon:_ John Donne:_ John Milton:_,The Neoclassical Period,Starts from _ to _. The 18th century England is also known as the age of _ or the age of _. How to define 1The Enlightenment Movement 2. Neoclassicism 3. the Realistic Novel What is the literary characteristics of Neoclassicism?,Neoclassicism,1) A revival of interest in the old classical works. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones. The artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. Seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.,The Enlightenment Movement,1)The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. 2) A progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. 3) The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. 4) To enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. 5) celebrating reason or rationality, equality & science. 6) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.,the Realistic Novel,A newly rising literary form contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, Gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.,What is the literary characteristics of Neoclassicism?,1)All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.,Representatives: John Bunyan:_ Pope:_ Defoe:_ Swift:_ Fielding:_ Johnson:_ Sheridan: _ Gray:_,The Romantic Period,1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in _ with the publication of of _ and to have ended in _. 2. Cultural background： The ideas of Rousseau; B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.,C. The literary views: (1) a rebellion against neo-classicism (2) express on imagination (3) priorities been given to passion, emotion and feeling (4) being close to nature for its purity while the society is corrupting (5) tremendous interest in something remote in term of space and time (6) supremacy of freedom,3. Literary forms: A. Poetry A). The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.,B). Theory of poetry a. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. b. They saw poetry as a healing energy, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.,c. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. d. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.,B. Prose The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures.,C. Novel A). Austen is of the 18th-century in her moral outlook. Her view of life is a totally realistic one. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage. B). Walter Scott is the most popular novelist of his day. Waverley, Old Martality, The Heart of Midlothian, Rob Roy, and Ivanhoe are among the most popular ones of his novels. He is the first major historical novelist.,C). Gothic novel: a. Nature: Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement. b. Subject matters: Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. c. Works: Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.,D. Drama Shelleys Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci, Byrons Manfred and Coleridges Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays during this period.,How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism?,a. Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic , restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature, should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace. b. Romanticism tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong of feeling” the value of the work link lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular altitude. c. In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individuals mind ( emotion, imagination, temporary experience.),Representatives: William Blake:_ William Wordsworth:_ Coleridge:_ Byron:_ Shelley:_ Keats:_ Austen: _,The Victorian Period,1. The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victorian from 1836 to 1901, the most glorious in the English history. 2. Towards the mid-19th century, England had reached its highly point of development as a world power. 3. Darwins The origin of species and The Descent of Man shook theoretical basic of traditional faith. 4. Famous novelists like Charles Dickens , William Makepeace Thackery, Charlotte Bronte , Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollope.,What are the characteristics of Victorian literature?,As a product of its age, it naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought. Victorian literature has the high-spirted vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness , the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.,What were the common things shared by the novelists of Victorian Period?,Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the novelists of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutiions, the decaying social morality.,What were the literary characteristics of English critical realism?,English critical realism of the 19th century, flourished in the forties and in the early fifties; The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief trait of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint; The realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruining classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. Humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. The critical realists did not, due to their world outlook, and could not find a way to eradicate social evils.,Representatives: Dickens:_ The Bronte Sisters:_ Tennyson:_ Robert Browning:_ George Eliot:_ Thomas Hardy:_,The Modern Period,The social, ideological background of the Modern English Literature: The influences of the two World Wars on English literature; Ideologically, the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. So, after the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared. After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.“,2. What is Modernism? A) Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century; B) Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism; C) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base; D) Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism.,What are the basic characteristics of Modernism in literature?,Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. One characteristic of English Modernism is “the dehumanization of art“. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.,Why do we say Modernism is a reaction against Realism?,Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism. A) It excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; B) By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.,How do you define Modern English Poetry?,The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry. A. In the early years, the poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats marked the rise of “Modern Poetry”, which was a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry; B. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again, advocating reason, moral discipline and traditional forms.,How do you define Modern English novels?,The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing, which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century. Modernist novels came to a decline in the 1930s, After the Second World War, modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism which was reflected mainly in drama.,The development of 20th century English drama.,A. The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, who, in a sense, pioneered the modern drama, though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists. B. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T. S. Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry. C. The English dramatic revolution, which came in the 1950s under various European and American influences, developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.,Representatives: Bernard Shaw:_ Galsworthy:_ Yeats:_ T.S.Eliot:_ Lawrence:_ James Joyce:_,American Literature,The Romantic Period,The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the the end of the _ to the outbreak of _. It started with the publication of _ and ended with _. It is also called _.,A. The Romantic movement which had flourished earlier in the century both in England and Europe proved to be a decisive influence without which the upsurge of American Romanticism would hardly have been possible.,B. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism, exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an ali