英语国家概况Chapter9.ppt

英语国家概况,The United States of America,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Chapter 10,The United States of America,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Government,CONTENTS,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1. US Constitution,Constitutionbasic instrument law In Philadelphia Drawn up in 1787, Came into effect in 1789.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,美国制宪会议Philadelphia, 1787,1. US Constitution,Constitution Features: separation of powers, check and balances; the federal government had the only powers specified in the constitution; The constitution goes first; All men are equal.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Preamble,We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联盟，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。,2. Federal System & Government,2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,The Federal government,The legislative branch,The executive branch,The judicial branch,Federalism,The State government,下一页,U.S. federalism,A compromise between the absolute concentration of powers and a loose confederation of independent states.,The State government,The Federal government,The Federal government,The federal government handles the problems affecting people throughout the nation.,Manage foreign affair; regulate foreign trade; declare war; conclude peace,The Federal government,The legislative branch,The executive branch,The judicial branch,2.1 The Federal Government,Three equal and separate branches： The Executive branch The Legislative branch The Judicial branch They are checked and balanced by one another.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,The State government,The state government is to deal with problems that affect the well-being of the state. The federal government have no power to interfere in state affairs.,2.3 The Legislative Branch,2.3.1,2.3.2,2.3.3,2.3.4,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,The legislative branch,The House of Representative,the U.S. Congress,The Senate,Representatives (congressman),Senators,435 seats, according to the population of the states,100 in total and each state has 2 seats,2 years,6 years ( 1/3 of them are re-elected every 2 years,2.3.1 Congress,Law-making the supreme legislative body； Two houses: the Senate the House of Representatives The Capitol is no longer opened to the public after the terror event on Sept. 11th, 2001.,Capitol,2.3.2 The Senate,100 voting members, two from each state; Chosen by a direct election; Qualifications for being a senator: over 30 years old; a US citizen for at least 9 years; resident in the state from which he is elected.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2.3.3 The House of Representatives,435 voting members State legislature divides each state into congressional districts, each district electing one Representative; Qualifications for being a representative: at least 25 years old; a US citizen for no less than 7 years; serve for a term of two years.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Legislative Procedure,The draft bill,Subcommittee,committee,Two Houses,The chairmen will decide to refer it to the House for further deliberation or kill it.,Hold hearing,President,He signs it into law, or vetoes and returns it.,The bill will be commented on and amended during debate in the Senate or the House.,2.2 The executive branch,2.2.1,2.2.2,2.2.3,2.2.4,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,The executive branch,Departments,Agencies,Cabinet,The Central Intelligence Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Food and Drug administration,14 departments Department Heads: Secretaries Advice and assistance,Prsident,2.2.1 Departments & White House,President is chief of the executive. 1 president and 1 vice-president 4 years and 2 terms,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Administrative leader 行政首脑 Domestic policy leader 国内政策 Foreign policy leader 外交政策 Military leader 武装力量总司令 Symbolic leader 国家元首 Party leader 政党领袖,2.2.1 Departments & White House,Official presidential residence The president works and lives National Security Council the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), etc.,The White House at Christmas night,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Powers of president,下一页,Executive powers,He can issue rules, regulations and instructions ， binding force of laws upon federal agencies. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He can appoint heads of the departments and other high-ranking federal officials with the approval of the Senate.,Powers in foreign affairs,Authority to make treaties with foreign countries with the Advice and consent of Congress. With the approval of the Senate, he appoints the US Secretary of State and ambassadors.,Legislative powers,All the bills passed by Congress must be signed by the president before becoming laws. Veto power. (Only the consensus of two-thirds of Congressmen can override the veto),Judicial powers,Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by President with approval of the Senate.,2.2.3 Qualifications of The President,Natural-born American citizen; Over 35 years-old; Being resident within the US for at least 14 years; Serve one or two successive terms of four years. Franklin D. Roosevelt the only president who served more than two successive terms.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2.2.4 President and Scandal,Watergate Scandal The Watergate scandal occurred in 1972. It remains one of the top presidential scandals of modern time.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2.2.4 President and Scandal,Bill Clinton Sex Scandal,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2.4 The Judicial Branch,The judicial branch consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court the courts of appeals12 the district courts94,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2.4 The Judicial Branch,The Supreme Courthighest court; One Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices; decisions are made by the majority. appointed by the President with the Senates approval; only removed from office by Congress through difficult impeachment.,Jury System,Jury system Common law,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Checks and balances,In order to guarantee the separation of the powers, each branch was given some authority over the others. If one branch abused its power, the others could use their checks to thwart it.,Checks and balances,President has power to veto any bill passed by Congress,The president can appoint the federal judges,The appointment made by president must be approved by the Senate. a bill can become a law without the Presidents signature if 2/3 agree to pass.,Appointment of judges should be approved by the Senate,The supreme court has power to interpret the Constitution and laws and it can declare it unconstitutional.,The Supreme court can announce the presidents executive orders unconstitutional.,3. Political Parties,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,3.1 Symbols of the parties,Donkey & Elephant In 1847, American artist Thomas Nest drew a political picture with a donkey representing the Democratic Party and an elephant representing the Republican Party.,The Democratic Party and the Republican Party,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,3.2 The Democratic Party,The Democratic Partyliberal; IN the 1830s Leading party before the civil war Employment, civil rights, social security system,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,3.3 The Republican Party,The Republican Party conservative; IN 1854 Abraham Lincoln: the first president from the Republican Party Greater freedom to enterprises the government to control inflation;,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,3.4 Function of Parties,Loosely organized Hold national convention every four years To nominate candidates for office and help them in their election campaigns.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,4. Election,There are many kinds of elections in the United States. At regular intervals he votes to choose the governor of his state, the mayor of his city. He also votes for a Representative or a Senator; an American votes in November in the presidential election,Presidential Election,Only the candidates nominated by the two major parties have the chance to win a Presidential election; The Presidential election (four stages): The first stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Presidential Election,The second stage is the campaigning stage. The candidate delivers countless speeches and shakes countless hands. by radio, television, newspapers, and personal communications with political material.,Presidential Election,The third stage is the time for voters to choose the list of presidential electors for the state.,Presidential Election,The fourth stage. Cast votes for President and vice-President on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Presidential Election,On November 2nd, 2004, George Walker Bush was reelected as Americas forty-third president. But he is the first in sixteen years to win a majority of the popular vote. The last one was his father, in 1988.,Senate Kerry & his wife, Teresa,President Bush & his wife, Laura,Presidential Election,OBama and Hillary The two most likely Democratic candidates for 2008 Presidential Election.,5. Foreign policy,5.1,5.2,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,5.1 Neutrality,“Declaration of Neutrality”； America entered the warGerman government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917； Wilson submitted Fourteen Points in 1918;,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,5.1 Neutrality,Fourteen Points abandonment of secret international agreements; freedom of the seas; free trade between nations; reductions in national armaments (军备、武器); adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of the inhabitants affected; self-rule for subjugated (使屈服、征服) European nationalities; the establishment of an association of nations to afford “mutual guarantees to great and small states alike”.,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,With the outbreak of World War II, isolationist sentiment increased； Neutrality legislationprevent the involvement of the war； prohibited trade in arms with any warring nations; required cash for all other commodities; forbade American merchant ships from carrying those goods.,5.1 Neutrality,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941; America declared war with the Axis powersGermany, Italy and Japan. The nation rapidly readied itself for mobilization of its people and its entire industrial capacity； Wartime objectivestotal destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a world order.,5.1 Neutrality,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,5.2 Containment and Intervention,The US dominated global affairs after World War II; “American Century”: confident of its mission at home and abroad; to maintain the democratic structure and to share the benefits of prosperity. Containmentpostwar policy affirmed by President Truman： Communism was a threat to the United States; His statements inspired a wave of hysterical anti-