Session701-技术基础.ppt

Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Part Technical Foundation of Information Systems,The section will cover both the fundamental building blocks of todays information systems, including hardware, software, database, telecommunication, and Internet, as well as the most important applications such as Electronic Businesses, ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning), Knowledge Management and DSS.,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Part Technical Foundation of Information Systems,Session 7-10. Modern IT Architecture Session 11-12-13. Enterprise Information Systems Application,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Session 7-10. Modern IT Architecture,Session 7. Desktop Systems (one computer) PC Hardware Software Systems Session8-9. Distributed Systems (many computer) Computer Networks and the Internet Distributed application and Client/Server The World Wide Web and e-commerce Session 10. Managing Data Resource Database technology Data Warehousing, OLAP, Data Mining,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Session 7. Desktop Systems COMPUTER COMPONENTS,BUSES,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE,DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU),CONTROL UNIT,CLOCK,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,计算机中的数据处理过程： 机器指令和机器周期,机器指令：,1、取机器指令,2、指令翻译,3、把指令放到寄存器中,4、把地址放到寄存器中,5、把数据从内存中取到寄存器中,6、命令ALU执行相应的操作,7、ALU执行操作,8、把结果送到累加器中,指令周期,执行周期,5.20,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,The CPU,CPU = Central Processing Unit Instruction execution is automatic (tick) find memory address of next instruction (tick) retrieve instruction from memory (tick) decode the instruction (tick) fetch argument from memory if necessary (tick) execute instruction (tick) store result in memory if necessary Internal clock ticks very fast (e. g., 100MHZ = 100 million ticks per second) activities are synchronized to start on a clock tick some activities take more than one clock tick,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,COMPUTER TIME,Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years,NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND,# PER COMPARED,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,TYPES OF MEMORY,RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE *,SECONDARY STORAGE,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN),HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES,POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES *, 2002 by Prentice Hall,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,POINTING DEVICES:,KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN *, 2002 by Prentice Hall,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION,Captures data in computer-readable form at the time and place the data are created OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): translate designed marks, characters, and codes into digital form. BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): translate characters written in magnetic ink into digital format Special ink identifies bank, account, amount *, 2002 by Prentice Hall,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION,PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) *, 2002 by Prentice Hall,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,OUTPUT DEVICES:,CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS,Mainframe Midrange & Minicomputer Server Personal Computer (PC) Workstation Supercomputer *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Computer hardware trends,Performance-better Price-lower Size-more compact,(1) The CPU (2) Storage devices (3) User Interfaces (4) Type of PCs,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,(1) CPU: Evolution of Microprocessors,芯片 发布时间 时钟速度 8086 78.6 5-10MHz 80286 82.2 8-12MHz 80386 85.10 16-33MHz 80486 89.4 25-50MHz Pentium 93.3 60-166MHz Pentium Pro 95.3 150-200MHz Pentium II 1996 233-300MHz P6 1997 up to 400MHz Pentium III 99.2 450-1000MHz Pentium IV 2000.11 1500-2G MHz,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,奔腾4发布,- 2000年11月21日，英特尔公司正式推出了主频已达1.5GHz的最新一代奔腾4处理器。奔腾4除了拥有令人眩目的主频，还增加了144条新指令以增强在视频、音频和3D方面的应用；NetBurst技术和400MHz的系统总线将确保英特尔的市场领先地位。 - 01-9-5, 英特尔公司在沪宣布推出GHz奔腾处理器。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,方正同步推出采用Intel最新2.2GHz P4的电脑,02-1-10，在Intel P4 2.2G Hz CPU最新发布之际，方正电脑同步推出了采用Intel P4 2.2GHz CPU 的方正卓越A家用电脑和商祺8000商用电脑。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Regatta服务器,01-8-22, 据IBM称，运行Unix的Regatta服务器将提供与大型主机类似的性能。 Regatta将配置IBM的Power4微处理器，它最多可以配置多达32个Power4处理器。每个Power4处理器中包含二个运行速度在1GHz或更快的处理器内核。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,“白色ASCI”的超级计算机,01-8-17, 计算机世界网消息, 名叫“白色ASCI”的超级计算机，造价1.1亿美元。它占地2个篮球场，重量相当于17头成年大象。“白色”由IBM公司制造 ，主要用途是进行模拟核武器试验。 它的计算速度为每秒12.3万亿次，是普通计算机1000万年才能完成的工作量。ASCI全称高级战略计算计划，是为美国能源部核武器库管理而制订的，目的是用超级计算机来实现对核武器的检查和测试。 到2005年能生产出比真正的核爆炸速度还快的计算机，并能够模拟出核爆炸的实际情况。届时，计算机速度将达到每秒100万亿次。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,“摩尔定律”,该定律由英特尔创始人之一的戈登.摩尔（Golden Moore）在1965年提出 主要是界定半导体发展的速度, 摩尔定律指出，半导体所能容纳的晶体管数量，是以每18个月为一个周期，逐期倍增。 对微处理器来说，其功能每18个月大约翻一番,价格大约降一半； 这个“定律”十几年来一直有效地反映着微处理器的发展状况； 导致今天出现数字化信息技术革命,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,个人电脑硬盘容量,20年前，XT个人电脑刚问世时，电脑硬盘容量最大只有10MB; 而最近个人电脑硬盘最大容量已达到137GB，而美国电脑硬盘大厂麦斯特公司等即将开发出的新硬盘的容量可达144GB。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,东芝微型20G高密度硬盘2月上市 - 02-1-17,近日，东芝开发出1.8英寸硬盘可以存储20G的内容，将广泛用在MP3播放器、各种手持设备等上，20G硬盘将在二月份上市。 已有10G和20G两个系列。 硬盘直径只有1.8英寸，大约一枚一美元银币的大小，双面存储介质。 Creative, RCA,和SonicBlue 推出的新音乐播放器都使用东芝10G微型硬盘。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,英特尔助阵三星淘汰软驱 20亿市场“人间蒸发”,02-1-21 ，英特尔公司将在今年下半年联合几大PC厂商将软驱从计算机的标准配置中“抹去”，以推动USB接口存储设备的推广。 到2000年全球可擦写光盘的需求量已经首次超过软盘市场，USB移动硬盘和ZIP驱动器的需求也以每年100%的速度在增长。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,朗科推出移动存储设备 启动型优盘 （01-10-18）,体积小、重量轻 最大容量2GB 在WinMe/2000/XP、Mac OS 9.x/Mac OS X以及Linux 2.4.x等操作系统上直接使用,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Trends of User Interfaces,Voice Recognition 01-7-31，AT&T公司发布新的语音软件 01-8-13, 我国推出会说汉语的语音芯片 Machine Vision Technology 01-8-28, 康柏电脑日前宣布采购星创科技开发的FaceOn PC Suite脸部辨识软件，搭配康柏Presario桌上型电脑随机销售，宣告以生物科技辨识科技提升个人电脑安全及隐私的时代正式来临。 Virtual Reality,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,盖茨重提平板电脑概念,01-12-26， 微软投资了数百万美元用于使平板电脑成功的四个主要领域，一是设计特别的视窗操作系统；二是研究先进的手写识别与声音识别技术；三是发布了特别的软件开发工具，使得软件人员可以编写能够应用于平板电脑的应用程序；四是与Acer、Compaq和其它电脑厂商一道开发平板电脑，使得其最终能够普及。 比尔-盖茨预言该产品将逐步取代笔记本电脑，如果平板电脑能够与第三代移动通信技术(3G)相结合，使其成为集计算、通讯、传真、上网等功能在内的一体机，盖茨表示，他认为平板电脑将代表未来的移动PC。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,富士通开发出语音新设备,01-12-19，富士通研究所开发出可以自动读取事先登记的新闻网页以及行政宣传网页等各种主页，并自动播放声音动态画像文件的“主页播放器”。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Type of PCs,Desktop PC Laptop Computer Notebook Palmtop Computer PDA(Personal Digital Assistant) Smart Cards,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,日立推出可穿戴PC,2002年2月21日，日立公司说，日立可穿戴PC将在本季度结束前开始在美国和日本销售。 这种可穿戴PC包括一部使用户可以观看高分辨率图像的头戴式显示器，设备的其他部件可以装在兜里。 日立与美国一家一直在发展类似产品的Xybernaut公司合作开发了这款可穿戴PC。日本的消费者将从日立公司购买到这款叫做WIA-100NB的设备；定位于美国消费者的Xybernaut公司将该产品取名为Poma，并已开始在其Web站点上接受订单。Poma的售价为1499美元。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,日立推出可穿戴PC(续）,这款可穿戴PC采用Microsoft Windows CE操作系统，配置日立128MHz RISC处理器和32MB RAM。设备还提供CompactFlash卡插槽和USB端口。头戴显示器将使用户看到相当于13英寸彩色屏幕的图像。设备利用手持光鼠标进行操作。(IDG电讯),Huang Lihua, Fudan U,纳米科技,01-12-21，世界科学领域今年进步最为明显的领域是纳米科技（超微细技术）。这是美国的科技杂志Science在其12月20日号上刊载的进步最快的十个科学领域文章中发表的。 对高居榜首的纳米科技，该杂志认为，“它将分子大小的晶体管、电线和开关等连接起来，实现了纳米（十亿分之一米）水平的运算电路”，这一技术将开启“研制能够即时翻译或解开气候变动之谜的超微小计算机的道路。在今后几十年的时间内将领导科学实现新飞跃”。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,炭纳米管逻辑电路,01-8-29, IBM公司表示，他们成功的开发出一个逻辑电路，该电路建立在一个只及人的头发丝的10万分之一细的圆柱型的结构之上。 一个炭纳米管是个单分子，大约是10个原子的宽度，是当今多数计算机系统使用的硅的宽度的1/500. 它是自然界中强度最大的纤维比刚的强度高上10倍。 包括IBM研究员在内的一些科学家正在研究基于原子的量子计算机的可能性。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,HP纳米芯片获专利,2002年2月21日，HP公司和美国加州大学科学家近日获得一项工艺的专利。这些科学家说这种工艺最终将生产出比针头还小的计算机。 HP说它在设计复杂的纳米芯片和零件上处于领先地位，可以在今后十来年中制造比细菌还小、可以编织到衬衣中的纳米计算机。本次宣布的专利是建设生产纳米芯片厂、实现纳米芯片商品化的关键。新专利包括把芯片分为进行独立计算的不同区域，将多种功能集成到一个纳米芯片中的工艺。 HP公司科学家说，这不仅仅是速度问题，而是可以将多少功能装在一起的问题。,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,纳米计算机,传统计算机“软硬分明”，而纳米计算机的软、硬件的界限将逐渐变得模糊。利用纳米技术和一种称做“纳米盒”的装置，软件将可以由物质构成。因为利用化学方法，由纳米材料制成的硬件可以切成一小块一小块。人们不仅可以在Internet上下载软件，还能下载硬件。甚至，某些肉眼看不见的机器人可以将某些物质拆成原子，再将这些原子组装成纳米计算机。 -李正孝 秘桂荣， “垂手可得漫谈纳米技术最先可能取得突破的领域”, 计算机世界网，01-4-20,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Session 7-10. Modern IT Architecture,Session 7. Desktop Systems (one computer) PC Hardware Software Systems Session8-9. Distributed Systems (many computer) Computer Networks and the Internet Distributed application and Client/Server The World Wide Web and e-commerce Session 10. Managing Data Resource Database technology Data Warehousing, OLAP, Data Mining,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Software: Detailed instructions to control computer operation of a computer systems. Without software, the computer hardware could not perform any tasks.The functions of software are to (1) manage the computer resources of the organization, (2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of the these resources (3) act as intermediary between organizations and stored information. PROGRAM: Set of instructions to the computer STORED: Program must be in primary storage,SOFTWARE,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,SOFTWARE,HARDWARE,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Operating Systems Capabilities: Multiprogramming, Multitasking,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Operating Systems Capabilities: Virtual Storage,Virtual Storage is the method of handling several programs in primary storage: Program divided into Fixed length portions(pages) OR Variable length (segments) Current portions reside in primary storage, portions swapped out when done.,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Operating Systems Capabilities: time sharing,MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: Time in CPU divided into slices (e.g.: 2 microseconds) Each user has access to CPU during slice. Single CPU is fast, can do much during time slice Users job swapped out at end of slice,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Operating Systems Capabilities: Multiprocessing,Links together two or more CPUs to work in parallel in a single computer systems to execute two or more instructions. Program can be divided to be processed by multiple CPUs. Can process large programs more rapidly *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS,OPERATING SYSTEM,FEATURES,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,OPERATING SYSTEM,Mac OS,For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia,Unix,For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms,DOS,For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K,Linux,Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source,FEATURES,MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS,Popular Operating Systems,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Computer System Operating Process,7+10=17 ?,How to operate in computer ?,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,EXAMPLE: 7+10=?,Program: LD A, 7 ADD A,10 HALT,Instruction Program: 0011 1110 操作码(LD A) 0000 0111 操作数(7) 1100 0110 操作码(ADD A) 0000 1010 操作数(10) 0111 0110 操作码(HALT),Assembly language,Machine Language,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE,5.22,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,TRANSLATION PROCESS,High-level language instructions,Translates high-level code into machine language,Ready for computer,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early 50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid 50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late 70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES,FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES,PASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output C and C+: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C+ is object oriented *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL),4GL consists of a variety of software tools that enable end users to develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance or that enhance the productivity of professional programmers. SIX CATEGORIES *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL),eg.,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,MIDDLEWARE,SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING,OBJECT: combines data and procedures into a single OBJECT Object-Oriented program sends message to object to perform embedded procedure. Creates reusable code Reduces time and cost of writing software *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING,JAVA: Sun Microsystems Object-oriented programming language HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,charts, tables animations, to be embedded in a web page *,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI),OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen TO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONS *,Software Trends,Huang Lihua, Fudan U,Application Software,(1) Software packages tailored for a specific purpose, e.g., inventory control, payroll, accounting, finance, MRP, MRPII, ERP, Supply chain management, E-business, etc. Software packages have been developed by a vendor and is available for purchase. (2) Specific application software developed using programming languages or software development tools, when a package is not available for a certain si