英国文学anglo-saxonperiod.ppt

General patterns,1. Different eras in literary history (chronological order). general historical and cultural introduction of the period major literary genres developed during the period major literary writers major works by them 2. Four major literary genres poetry novel drama essay,Historical periods,Early and medieval period (5th -15th ) The 16th century The 17th century The 18th century The romantic period The victorian age The 20th century,Part one,Early and Medieval Period Anglo-Saxon (epic) Anglo-Norman (romance) 14th century (Chaucer) 15th century (popular ballads),日耳曼人（Germani或Germans）亦称条顿诸民族(Teutonic Peoples). 日耳曼人是一些语言、文化和习俗相近的民族的总称。这些民族从前2千年到约4世纪生活在欧洲北部和中部，即波罗的海沿岸和斯堪的纳维亚地区。日耳曼人不称自己为日耳曼人。在他们的漫长历史中他们可能也没有将自己看作是同一个民族。民族大迁徙后从日耳曼人中演化出斯堪的纳维亚民族、英格兰人、弗里斯兰人和德国人，后来这些人又演化出荷兰人、瑞士的德意志人、加拿大、美国、澳大利亚和南非的许多白人。在奥地利也有许多日耳曼人后裔。许多这些新的民族今天都是与其它民族混合而成的。,Alliteration use of the same consonant or vowel at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse,Of men was the mildest and most beloved To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise,The Story of Cain and Abel Sometimes when we read the Bible, we wonder why God cared about some of the things He cared about. The story of Cain and Abel is one of those stories for some people. A long time ago, just after Adam and Eve had to leave the garden of Eden, they were very sad about disobeying God. They asked God how they could show Him how sorry they were. God told them that they could show Him how they felt by sacrificing a lamb, which they did. After awhile, Adam and Eve had two sons. Their first son was called Cain and their second was called Abel. Cain was a farmer. He grew vegetables and grains. Abel was a shepherd who looked the familys herds. Cain and Abel were like most siblings - they didnt always get along. But they were brothers and loved each other very much, despite their occasional fights. Adam and Eve (their mom and dad) told Cain and Abel about the message God gave them that they should sacrifice a lamb to God to show how much they appreciated all Hed done and how sorry they were for their sins.,Abel was very concerned that his sacrifice be special to God. He chose his first and best lamb and offered it to the Lord. It was hard for Abel to give up his most prized possession, but it was important to him to try his best to do as God had asked. Cain thought his little brother was a bit silly for giving up his best lamb. “Good grief,“ he thought. “We need that lamb, God doesnt. Im sure Hed be just as happy if we sacrificed the runt of the litter. In fact, why does it need to be a lamb at all? Im a farmer and its been a great year for my wheat crop - I cant use everything Ive grown. Why dont I just burn some of the extra straw I have. That way, I wont be wasting any.“ Cains reasoning sounds pretty good when you first hear it, doesnt it? Cain watched as the lamb burnt up completely on the altar, while his left over straw just smoldered a bit and never really caught fire at all. That could mean only one thing! God preferred Abel. Cain was jealous! He didnt take the time or the responsibility to realize that it was his decision to sacrifice straw that caused the difference in Gods response to their sacrifices. Instead, he just got angry at his brother.,Cain asked Abel to go for a walk with him, and while he was still angry, Cain struck Abel to the ground and killed him. When Cain realized what hed done, he was more concerned that someone might have seen what hed done than he was sorry for his brothers death. He looked around and sighed a breath of relief that no one was nearby. And then the Lord spoke, “Cain, where is your brother.“ Cain shrugged, “I dunno! Am I my brothers keeper?“ God replied, “Cain, how could you be so cruel to your only brother. He has done nothing, but try his best for Me, for his parents. and for you.“ Cain fell to the ground sobbing. Finally, he felt the horror of what hed done. And he had to live with that feeling and the knowledge that hed murdered his little brother for the rest of his life.,查理曼大帝,查理曼大帝（公元732-814年），法拉克国王，罗马帝国的奠基人。他建立了那囊括西欧大部分地区的庞大帝国。公元800年，由罗马教皇加冕称帝，号为罗马人皇帝。他在行政、司法、军事制度及经济生产等方面都有杰出的建树，并大力发展文化教育事业。是他引入了欧洲文明。,亚历山大大帝,亚历山大大帝（Alexander, Alexander III of Macedon，Alexander the Great，公元前356年前323年），生于马其顿王国首都派拉城，曾师从古希腊著名学者亚里士多德，十八岁随父出征，二十岁继承王位。是欧洲历史上最伟大的军事天才，马其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。他雄才伟略，勇于善战，领军驰聘欧亚非大陆，使得古希腊文明广泛传播，是世界古代史上最著名的军事家和政治家。,亚瑟王,亚瑟王(King Arthur)是5世纪英国最富有传奇色彩的国王。人们对他感性认识更多的是来自神话传说，没有人大量涉足过亚瑟王的真实生活，他就像一个迷，等待着发掘与探索。可任何一个英雄都不可能由来无踪。亚瑟王是英格兰传说中的国王，圆桌骑士团的首领，一位近乎神话般的传奇人物。他是罗马帝国瓦解之后，率领圆桌骑士团统一了不列颠群岛，被后人尊称为亚瑟王。,Sir Kay 圆桌骑士之一，Ector爵士的儿子，和Arthur是兄弟（Ector是Arthur的养父）。当Ector第一次参加比武竞技的时候，将剑忘在了旅店没有带出来，Arthur跑回去拿的时候旅店已经关门了，没办法就跑去把一把插在石头上的（据说在教堂内）剑拔了出来。从此Arthur就成了英国的国王。在Arthur当上国王后，他让Kay作了宫廷的管家。Kay爵士有点管不住自己的嘴巴，但绝对是个可信的骑士。,特里斯丹和伊瑟-故事情节 特里斯丹是鲁努瓦王，也是康沃尔王马克的外甥，自幼父母双亡，领地被夺，由忠臣抚养成人并在那里接受成为骑士和歌手的所有教育，长大报了父仇后一直在马克王的宫中侍奉。当爱尔兰向康沃尔索取进贡时，是特里斯丹站出来和使臣莫豪迪决斗，杀死莫豪迪从而解救了康沃尔。但他也受伤中毒，眼看就要去世，于是，他独自乘小舟漂流到爱尔兰，由金发公主伊瑟治愈后回国。他的得宠招致很多妒忌，因此，他们逼马克娶后以防马克将王位传给特里斯丹。特里斯丹于是主动请命出去为马克寻找王后。他想到了金发伊瑟，于是带领随从直奔爱尔兰。正值爱尔兰受毒龙之害，凡杀死毒龙者即可娶公主伊瑟。特里斯丹奋力杀死毒龙，自己也中毒了，生命垂危。伊瑟再次将其救活，但发现他就是杀死她舅舅莫豪迪的人，差点将他杀死再浴缸，后两人和解。特里斯丹面见爱尔兰国王，将伊瑟许配给马克王。 伊瑟认为特里斯丹赢得了她却又不屑娶她，侮辱了她。两人在回国的船上很不愉快。后两人口渴，误饮了王后的药酒，遂开始了不顾一切的恋爱。伊瑟成婚后，他们依然放不下恋情，一直有往来。于是奸臣们开始准备捉奸，并鼓动了马克王。这里有几个非常精彩的细节。其一，特里斯丹被逐之后，每夜潜入宫殿后院，以桦树皮漂入宫内为标记，与伊瑟相见。其二，特里斯丹临出使亚瑟王前，想见伊瑟，但国王和奸臣已经布置下圈套，在两床之间撒上了面粉，特里斯丹跳到伊瑟床上，但伤口破裂，将血滴到面粉上，于是，他们的感情正式暴露，双双被捕。马克欲将两人一起烧死，熟料特里斯丹在押送途中跳下悬崖逃走，于是决定将伊瑟丢给癞人。特里斯丹从癞人们手中救出伊瑟，两人一起逃进森林，开始了一段神仙眷侣般的日子。 但两人不久对这样安逸的生活产生了倦意，加之马克发现他们的行踪但没有杀他们。于是他们决定分手，特里斯丹出走国外而伊瑟仍为马克的王后。一段时间后，伊瑟当众从火中取出烧红的铁块而双手没有任何受到任何伤害，证明了自己的清白。特里斯丹则开始在各个国家流浪。后特里斯丹娶了另一位公主：玉手伊瑟，试图开始自己的生活，但发现自己还是不能忘情于金发伊瑟，于是经常乔装回康沃尔看望金发伊瑟，此举导致了妻子玉手伊瑟的妒忌。特里斯丹受伤想见金发伊瑟最后一面的时候，正是玉手伊瑟谎称金发伊瑟没有过来见他最后一面而伤心致死，伊瑟到达后，亦扑在特里斯丹的尸体上死去。马克将两人安葬在一起，特里斯丹坟上的藤总是钻进伊瑟的坟墓。,The story of Abraham and Issac,Abraham and Sarah dearly loved their new baby boy. They cuddled him and fed him. They played with him and giggled when he wrapped his little hand around one of their fingers. They laughed when he smiled for the first time, and they were absolutely thrilled when he spoke his first word. Somehow, before they even knew what had happened, he was walking and talking and had grown to be a young man. Isaac was the joy of their lives. Abraham spent a lot of time with Isaac, teaching him to love and obey God. He told Isaac the story about how God had talked with him and told him to count the stars. He made sure that Isaac knew he was a special child that had been promised by God. As Isaac grew, he learned to worship God just as his father Abraham did. One day God spoke to Abraham: “A-bra-ham . . . .“ “I am here,“ Abraham replied. “Take your son Isaac, whom you love so much, and go into the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering. I will tell you which mountain when you get there,“ God commanded. Abraham loved Isaac more than anything else in the whole world and would never do anything to hurt his son, but he knew he had to obey the voice of God.,Early in the morning, Abraham got up and put a saddle on his donkey. He called for Isaac and two of his young servants. They all went together to chop wood for the sacrifice. Then they started on their journey toward the place God had told Abraham to go. For three days they traveled, eating food they had taken with them and sleeping on the ground. On the third day, Abraham looked into the distance and saw the place where God was leading him. “You stay here with the donkey while I take Isaac with me to go worship God,“ Abraham said to his servants. Abraham picked up the wood and gave it to Isaac to carry. Then he picked up his torch in one hand and his knife in the other, and they started toward the mountain together. While they were walking, Isaac began to wonder about some things. Finally, he just had to ask. “Hey, Dad. I have the wood, and you have the fire, but we didnt bring an animal. Dont we need a lamb for the sacrifice?“ Abraham, fully believing that God had everything under control, spoke quietly: “Yes, Isaac. God will provide himself a lamb for the burnt offering.“,When they finally arrived at the exact place God had told him of, Abraham started looking for large rocks to build the altar. Carefully he placed one rock on top of another until the job was done. After that, he placed the wood, which Isaac had carried, on top of the altar. Then, after looking around one last time, he had to do the very hardest thing he had ever done in his whole life. He gave Isaac one last, long hug, and, with tears in his eyes, he tied up his son and placed him on the altar. Of course, Isaac didnt want to be sacrificed as a burnt offering, and Abraham, as a loving father, didnt want to do it, but they both knew they had to obey God, so there was no struggle between them. Abraham picked up his knife. . . . He raised it high in the air above his head. . . . Just as he was getting ready to kill his own son, he heard the voice of the angel of the Lord cry out from heaven: “ABRAHAM . . . ABRAHAM!“ “I am here,“ Abraham replied. “DONT KILL YOUR SON! DONT HURT HIM! For now I know that you fear God. You love Him more than anything else, even more than your own son.“,Abraham looked up, and there - right in front of him - was a ram caught in the thick bushes. Abraham quickly untied Isaac, then caught the ram and put it on the altar. Abraham used his knife to kill the sacrifice, then used the torch to light the fire. There on the mountain, Abraham and Isaac worshipped the Lord together. The angel of the Lord called from heaven to Abraham a second time, saying: “Because you have done this and have not withheld even your son from me, I will bless you, and you will have many descendants, and all the nations of the earth will be blessed because of you.“ Abraham and Isaac walked down the mountain together, rejoicing that the Lord had provided the ram and made another great promise to them. They met the servants at the bottom of the mountain, and they all started on their three-day journey back home.,Troilus and Criseyde,Characters Achilles, warrior who kills Troilus and Hector in battle Antenor, a soldier held captive by the Greeks, led to the fall of Troy, traded for Criseydes safety Calchas, a Trojan prophet who joins the Greeks Criseyde, Calchas daughter Helen, wife to Menelaus, lover of Paris Pandarus, Criseydes uncle Priam, King of Troy Priams children Cassandra (a prophetess), Hector, Troilus, Paris, Deiphobus Synopsis Criseyde, the daughter of the seer Calchas, lives alone in Troy after her father abandons the Trojans to help the Greeks. Eventually she catches the eye of Troilus, a man who had previously scoffed at love, and becomes the object of his overwhelming desire. With the help of Criseydes uncle Pandarus he wins her love but soon loses it when the Greeks and the Trojans conduct an exchange of prisoners. Calchas, who knows of Troys imminent destruction, persuades the Greeks to exchange Antenor for his daughter and thus saves her from the doomed city. Criseyde promises Troilus that shell return to him after ten days but once shes back in the care of her father she realizes the impossibility of her promise. Resigned to her fate, Criseyde yields to the flirtations of Diomedes, and her love for Troilus fades. When Deiphobus wins the armor of Diomedes, Troilus discovers a brooch he gave Criseyde upon her departure pinned to it. Heartbroken, he tries to find Diomedes and take his revenge during battle but after slaying many is in his turn killed by Achilles. As his spirit goes to heaven he reflects on the absurdity of all life itself.,the wife of Baths tale,In the days of King Arthur, the Wife of Bath begins, the isle of Britain was full of fairies and elves. Now, those creatures are gone because their spots have been taken by the friars and other mendicants that seem to fill every nook and cranny of the isle. And though the friars rape women, just as the incubi did in the days of the fairies, the friars only cause women dishonorthe incubi always got them pregnant. In Arthurs court, however, a young, lusty knight comes across a beautiful young maiden one day. Overcome by lust and his sense of his own power, he rapes her. The court is scandalized by the crime and decrees that the knight should be put to death by decapitation. However, Arthurs queen and other ladies of the court intercede on his behalf and ask the king to give him one chance to save his own life. Arthur, wisely obedient to wifely counsil, grants their request. The queen presents the knight with the following challenge: if, within one year, he can discover what women want most in the world and report his findings back to the court, he will keep his life. If he cannot find the answer to the queens question, or if his answer is wrong, he will lose his head. The knight sets forth in sorrow. He roams throughout the country, posing the question to every woman he meets. To the knights dismay, nearly every one of them answers differently. Some claim that women love money best, some honor, some jolliness, some looks, some sex, some remarriage, some flattery, and some say that women most want to be free to do as they wish. Finally, says the Wife, some say that women most want to be considered discreet and secretive, although she argues that such an answer is clearly untrue, since no woman can keep a secret.,When his day of judgment draws near, the knight sorrowfully heads for home. As he rides near a forest, he sees a large group of women dancing and decides to approach them to ask his question. But as he approaches, the group vanishes, and all he can see is an ugly old woman. The woman asks if she can be of help, and the knight explains his predicament and promises to reward her if she can help him. The woman tells the knight that he must pledge himself to her in return for her help, and the knight, having no options left, gladly consents. She then guarantees that his life will be saved. The knight and the old woman travel together to the court, where, in front of a large audience, the knight tells the queen the answer with which the old woman supplied him: what women most desire is to be in charge of their husbands and lovers. The women agree resoundingly that this is the answer, and the queen spares the knights life. The old hag comes forth and publicly asks the knight to marry her. The knight cries out in horror. He begs her to take his material possessions rather than his body, but she refuses to yield, and in the end he is forced to consent. The two are married in a small, private wedding and go to bed together the same night. Throughout the entire ordeal, the knight remains miserable. While in bed, the loathsome hag asks the knight why he is so sad. He replies that he could hardly bear the shame of having such an ugly, lowborn wife. She does not take offense at the insult, but calmly asks him whether real “gentillesse,” or noble character, can be hereditary (1109). There have been sons of noble fathers, she argues, who were shameful and villainous, though they shared the same blood. Her family may be poor, but real poverty lies in covetousness, and real riches lie in having little and wanting nothing. She offers the knight a choice: either he can have her be ugly but loyal and good, or he can have her young and fair but also coquettish and unfaithful. The knight ponders in silence. Finally, he replies that he would rather trust her judgment, and he asks her to choose whatever she thinks best. Because the knights answer gave the woman what she most desired, the authority to choose for herself, she becomes both beautiful and good. The two have a long, happy marriage, and the woman becomes completely obedient to her husband. The Wife of Bath concludes with a plea that Jesus Christ send all women husbands who are young, meek, and fresh in bed, and the grace to outlive their husbands.,The Pardoners tale,The Pardoner tells the company how he cheats people out of their money by preaching that money is the root of all evil. His tale describes three riotous youths who go looking for Death, thinking that they can kill him. An old man tells them that they will find Death under a tree. Instead, they find eight bushels of gold, which they plot to sneak into town under cover of darkness. The youngest goes into town to fetch food and drink, but brings back poison, hoping to have the gold all to himself. His companions kill him to enrich their own shares, then drink the poison and die under the tree.,The Franklins tale,Dorigen, the heroine, awaits the return of her husband, Arveragus, who has gone to England to win honor in feats of arms. She worries that the ship bringing her husband home will wreck itself on the coastal rocks, and she promises Aurelius, a young man who falls in love with her, that she will give her body to him if he clears the rocks from the coast. Aurelius hires a student learned in magic to create the illusion that the rocks have disappeared. Arveragus returns home and tells his wife that she must keep her promise to Aurelius. Aurelius is so impressed by Arveraguss honorable act that he generously absolves her of the promise, and the magician, in turn, generously absolves Aurelius of the money he owes.,The Reeves tale,The Reeve tells the story of two students, John and Alayn, who go to the mill to watch the miller grind their corn, so that he wont have a chance to steal any. But the miller unties their horse, and while they chase it, he steals some of the flour he has just ground for them. By the time the students catch the horse, it is dark, so they spend the night in the millers house. That night, Alayn seduces the millers daughter, and John seduces his wife. When the miller wakes up and finds out what has happened, he tries to beat the students. His wife, thinking that her husband is actually one of the students, hits the miller over the head with a staff. The students take back their stolen goods and