英语词汇学课件Unit3.ppt

UNIT 3 WORD FORMATION(I),Contents,派生法的特点,1,复合法的特点,2,转化法的特点,3,Introduction,现代英语词汇的发展主要依靠构词法。构词的方式有多种。其中活动能力很强的有词缀法（派生法）、复合法和转化法。根据Pyles&Algeo(1982)的研究，英语通过词缀法构词的占新词总量的30-40%；复合法28-30%；转化法26%；其余的新词来自于缩略法等其它构词法。 构词规则的使用范围有限制。规则本身不是固定不变的，某一时期一种构词方法可能会很活跃，有时又失去活跃性，不再构成新词。必须记住，规则都有例外。 如：古英语-th,3.1 Derivation & derivative,derivation: A process by which more complex words are formed from less complex words. Eg. pure - purify - purification derivative: A complex word formed by derivation. Eg. girl - girlhood, leg- - legal,3.1.1 Prefix and suffix 来源: 古英语和外来语 特点： 多义性。 Eg. -er cooker, binder, pointer 译法不同。 同义性。-an, -ant/ent, -ar,-ard, -arian, -ee, -eer, -er,-ese, -eur, -ian, -ician, -icist, -ist, -logist, -or, -ster, -crat 构词能力不同：与出现频率无关 前后缀的主要功能不同 前后缀与词根的关系不同 拼写和发音 （-ette, international, unattractive),#.前缀（主要改变词义）,Negative prefixes: a-/dis-/in-/non-/un- Reversative prefixes: de-/dis-/un- Pejorative prefixes: mal-/mis-/pseudo- Prefixes of degree or size: arch-/extra-/hyper-/macro-/micro-/mini-/over-/sub-/super-/sur-/ultra-/under- Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-/contra-/counter-/pro- Locative prefixes: extra-/fore-/inter-/trans- Prefixes of time and order: ex-/fore-/post-/pre-/re- Number prefixes: bi-/multi-/poly-/semi-/hemi-/tri-/uni-/mono- Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-/neo-/pan-/vice-,#.后缀（不仅改变词义，还会改变词性）,形容词后缀: 名词后缀: 动词后缀: 副词后缀: 改变词性的三个前缀: en-/em-: endanger, enrich, empower a-: asleep, aglow, astride be-: bewitch, befriend,3.1.2 Structure of derivatives 以自由词根为主，附以粘着词素。 prefix + free root + suffix combining form + free root 以粘着词根为主，附以派生词缀或另一粘着词根 prefix + non-productive bound root + suffix combining form + combining form (组合形式与组合形式构成的词有的地方称作新古典复合词，也有的地方直接归入复合词。） Ex. P33, Ex.2,hemi- semi-,demi- mono- uni- di- bi- tri- tri- tetra- quadri- penta- quint- hexa- sex- hept- sept- oct- oct- ennea- nona- deca- deci-,3.2 Compounding & compound,compounding/composition: A process of word formation, i.e. combining two or more otherwise free morphemes or series of morphemes (=words) to form a compound. Eg. blackboard, sitting-room compound: A word made of two or more independent words.,3.2.1 Compound Vs. free phrase Semantically: blackbird/blackmail/hot dog ? flower pot, washing machine, dumb show Syntactically: He bad-mouthed me. Phonologically: The sunshine is gorgeous. This black bird is a blackbird. orthographically： hot dog, bad-mouth, blackbird,连字符（hyphen)的作用： 置于词与词之间，构成新词： tax-exemption, eco-geographic 避免印刷上的误解，如： He is a foreign stamp collector. 表示成语： a root-and-branch revision,3.2.2 Meaning of compound 最古老的构词方法之一。 语义关系: 第一部分限定或修饰第二部分（也有例外） 形式相同的复合词其内部的语义关系可能是各不相同的。(Ex.5) 词性：复合介词，复合连接词，复合副词，复合代词，复合数词，句式复合词，等等。,3.2.3 Compound nouns 按照各组成部分的词性来分： Q & A: sleeping dog VS. sleeping car 重音 sleeping car （gerund or P.P.) sleeping dog vs. floating bridge What if sleeping dog is a kind of dog? 按照组成部分之间的句法关系来分 Q & A: 同位关系与限定关系的区别？,3.2.4 Compound adjectives 3.2.5 Compound verbs 可直接由两个词复合而成，但主要是通过转化法或者逆生法从复合名词变来的。 Ex. P49,I-A, P53 V1-4,3.3 Conversion,conversion: A word formation process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category (also called zero derivation.) Eg. nurse (n.) - nurse (v.) * 转化法大多在简单词中进行，派生词通常不能转化。,3.3.1 Verbs n. v. Adj. v Adv.(prep. Conj. Interj.) v yes (yessed, yessing) All she has to do was yes him when he was talking. 3.3.2 Nouns V. n. (*contrast, abstract) Adj. n (full & partial conversion) the poor,3.3.3 Adjectives 名词做定语：street light VP Adj. nonce word（临时词）：本身是自由词组或习语，但用连字符连接起来构成单个的词。 stay-at-home, forget-me-not