高考英语语法非谓语动词复习讲练.ppt

2019/6/6,1,高考英语语法非谓语动词复习讲练,【基本概念】 对英语动词的基本认识: 英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。 动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外， 还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。 按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词 分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。 每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。,2019/6/6,2,非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。,时态 （按高考要求共九个时态）,谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态） 语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气） 主谓一致,动词,动词不定式,非谓语动词 分词 。（现在分词和过去分词） 动名词,2019/6/6,3,非谓语动词（一）不定式,【基本概念】 不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一， 具有名词、形容词、副词的性质， 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、 定语、状语和宾语补足语。 使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有 不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。,2019/6/6,4,1.不定式做主语。 不定式做主语时，使用两种形式:直接将不定式放在句首.To learn a skill will do a lot good to you in the future; 通常使用it作形式主语。而将做主语的不定式 放在句子的后面。,I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. How long will it take you to complete the trip?,2019/6/6,5,2.不定式做宾语。 I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar.,Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India.,2019/6/6,6,在下例动词后须带不定式作宾语,Afford,agree,care,demand,determine, expect,fail,long(渴望)appear,seem,hope, happen,choose,prepare,promise,plan, decide,pretend,refuse,manage,arrange, offer,sware,wish,attempt,aim,prove, hesitate,desire,should(would)like,love, like,2019/6/6,7,动词ask,tell,show,know,decide, teach,learn,discuss,find out等后要接疑问词+不定式作宾语,I dont know whether to answer the letter. Marx gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language. Have you dicussed when to start the project,2019/6/6,8,不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。,The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project Do you think it possible to finish the work in time 以上句子中，it为形式宾语；,2019/6/6,9,3.不定式做表语 It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell.,A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. 不定式作表语常用在系动词后,表示做某事 通常主语是不定式,表语也用不定式 To see is to believe,2019/6/6,10,4.不定式做定语,but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten. Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. 不定式做定语常用在名词后面,一般用主动形式;如果句意明确动作由别人完成,则用被动式: “Do you have anything to be washed ,Sir?” asked the maid.,2019/6/6,11,5.不定式做状语 A lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants.,本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。 Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。,2019/6/6,12,不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的,可以用in order to或so as to ；有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。,Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lions attention.,2019/6/6,13,To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young.,To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it.,only to do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法， 这种“结果”往往是预想不到的。 Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business. He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.,2019/6/6,14,6.不定式做宾语补足语 不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况：绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式；动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式；改为被动语态又必须用to 。,What stores do you want me to order? But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water.,2019/6/6,15,And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future. I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play.,下面的例子，试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。 John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 答案为A。,2019/6/6,16,【相关知识及其运用】 1.不定式的进行式,当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。 They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River. He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.,2019/6/6,17,2.不定式的完成式 同其他非谓语形式一样，不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。,Im sorry to have done that, I didnt mean to be so rude. Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred.,2019/6/6,18,3.不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式要用被动式。,But some people dont want good farmland to be built on. good farmland是句子的宾语，又是不定式to be built on 的逻辑主语，同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系，不定式必须用被动式。,2019/6/6,19,He has asked to be introduced to the pianist. 不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he，同时he同introduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动式。,不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。,2019/6/6,20,下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。, The question is difficult to answer. The shirt is too small to wear. I find English easy to learn . 、两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语，如for me一类，句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。,2019/6/6,21,4.不定式与疑问词连用 不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个名词性从句，可充当句子的主语、宾语和表语。,Im not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work.,2019/6/6,22,5.不定式做定语时的有关问题,不定式做定语时可以分为两类： 不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。 China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming. 不定式短语修饰the first countries，同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。,2019/6/6,23,不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系，如果不能确立动宾关系或不定式为不及物动词，必须使用适当的介词。,Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moments rest. She had little money to live on. I really dont know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic) Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen),2019/6/6,24,不定式做定语时，被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。,如上述三个句子为例，to live on的执行者是she；to write about 的执行者是I；to write with的执行者则是me。因此，以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。 在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下，不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系，则用不定式的被动式。 The action to be taken is correct.,2019/6/6,25,下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。,-Have you got anything _ there? -No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same. A. to be taken B. been taken C. taken D. to take 句子的主语you不是take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思，take的逻辑主语应该是说话者自己，因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为A。,2019/6/6,26,在 there be句型中，不定式做定语极为常见，但使用不定式的一般式和被动式意义不同。,不定式的一般式表示“会有人去做”，通常可根据上下文在不定式前加一个逻辑主语。 There are plenty of interesting places（for you） to visit. There was nowhere (for anybody) to hide. Here is a game to play.,2019/6/6,27,如果使用不定式的被动式，则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词，不考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做，且整个句子往往含有情态意义。,There is nothing to be gained by pretending. = Nothing can be gained by pretending. There is a lot of work to be done. = A lot of work has to be done.,2019/6/6,28,6.不定式的逻辑主语问题,不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者，通常由介词for加名词、名词性词组或宾格代词构成，置于不定式符号to之前。 Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travel.,2019/6/6,29,在“It is +形容词”结构的句子中，不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词for ,也可能用介词of。当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语能构成逻辑上的主表关系时，介词用of，否则就用for。,Is is very kind of you to give me so much help. = You are very kind to give me so much help.（不定式的逻辑主语you可以同形容词kind构成逻辑上的主表关系，介词用of） It is important for us to learn English well. 不定式的逻辑主语us不能同important构成逻辑上的主表关系，因此用for。,2019/6/6,30,非谓语动词（二）分词,分词分现在分词和过去分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。 例1： The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. 句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。,2019/6/6,31,例2： The people performing all play different instrument., Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death.,现在分词performing作后置定语，修饰the people; 过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。 例3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English.),2019/6/6,32,Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs.),过去分词短语well known for his expert advice 充当状语，表示原因。 分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。但按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。,2019/6/6,33,例4： They broke into the uncles bed room and found the man lying on the floor, dead.,I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape.,2019/6/6,34,分词的作用和形容词或副词一样,就是起修饰作用.关键是分词与所修饰的那个词之间的关系必须搞清楚,在英语中，具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系时，分词必须用现在分词表主动或进行; 具有逻辑上的被动关系时,必须用过去分词,表被动或完成。 这是理解分词时必须搞清的最基本的概念。,2019/6/6,35,区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点： 掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。,分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为主谓关系时，用现在分词；Two days later I received a letter offering me the job.,2019/6/6,36,分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾关系时，用过去分词。,There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. 过去分词短语作定语同它所修饰的名词 具有动宾关系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必须用过去分词。,2019/6/6,37,分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。 主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。,You often see musicians performing in the streets. musicians发出perform 的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。 Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. 作宾语补足语的过去分词understood同宾语ourselves 为动宾关系，即understan ourselves，,2019/6/6,38, 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。主要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。,In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. 现在分词短语 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式状语修饰谓语动词eat。 using 同句子的主语you 有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主语 you既发出谓语动作eat，又发出非谓语动词using 所表示的 动作。,2019/6/6,39,Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room.,过去分词短语locked in your room充当spend the night的方式状语。lock 同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I的逻辑关系为动宾关系“lock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。,2019/6/6,40,分词作状语时同句子主语之间的逻辑关系较难理解，看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。,The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemists shop and bought some special medicine.,2019/6/6,41,Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.,The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson.,2019/6/6,42,分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。,分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。 The temperature is 15C. It is freezing outside. 现在分词freezing作表语，表示主语“天气”的特征。 Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. which代表先行词the stone figures 的含义，在定语从句中作主语。frightening是系动词look的表语，表示主语the stone figures的形象特征。,2019/6/6,43,One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. 过去分词polluted作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。,surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是“使（人）怎么样”。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单： 如果主语是表示“人”的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语，表语用现在分词。,2019/6/6,44,We were getting very worried. “The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened.,以上两句的主语分别是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表语用过去分词worried 和frightened。 The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. 主语是表示“事物”的词语the news，表语用现在分词encouraging。,2019/6/6,45,1.现在分词被动式同过去分词的区别,现在分词同过去分词的基本区别可见下表。 时间概念 语态概念 现在分词 进行或与谓语动作同时 主动概念 过去分词 完成 被动概念 但现在分词被动式being done也表示被动，在语态概念上与过去分词相同，因此区别就只在于时间概念了。,2019/6/6,46,Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting,试题分析： 试题意图是考察分词作定语的知识，句子主语的汉语意思为“受到邀请出席晚会的大多数人”。选项 A、C均表示被动，区别在于invited表示“已经受到邀请出席晚会”；being invited表示“正在受到邀请出席晚会”。句子是一般过去时，因此答案为A。,2019/6/6,47,2.分词作定语同不定式作定语的区别,不定式作定语在时间概念上表示“将要”，这是他们之间最根本的区别。 The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 选项D written既表示被动又表示完成，切合试题要求，是正确答案。,2019/6/6,48,3.介词with后的宾语补足语 介词with具有一般介词都不具备的语法功能，with后面可以带“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。,In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. 介词后的宾语补足语同动词后的宾语补足语没有区别，在试题中只要善于识别便不难理解， The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. (1991年高考试题) A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案为D。,2019/6/6,49,下面一道试题具有一定难度。,With his son _, the old man felt unhappy. A. to disappoint B. to be disappointed C. disappointing D. being disappointed 试题分析：宾语补足语如果选用被动式，意思为“他的儿子自己感到失望”；如果选择现在分词，意思为“他的儿子令别人感到失望”。正确答案为C。,2019/6/6,50,4.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题,分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。 The key_，she went through her handbag carefully. A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found not having been found同其逻辑主语the key 构成独立主格结构，作原因状语。,2019/6/6,51,_ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing C. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this,试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换 为状语从句。 本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，时态不正确，应该排除。 选项A 的knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。,2019/6/6,52,Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory?,A.they found many mistakes in the report B.Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C.There are plenty of mistakes in the report D.The report is full of mistakes 试题分析：本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。,2019/6/6,53,5.现在分词作宾语补足语时同不定式作宾语补足语的区别,动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但意思有区别。不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程已经完成；现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作在谓语动作发生的瞬间正在进行。,2019/6/6,54,The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play,试题分析：本试题意在考查分词作宾语补足语的知识，试题使用被动语态使我们不容易意识到试题的意图。“这些丢失的孩子们最后被看到的瞬间正在河边玩”， 如果选择play，则表示动作业已完成，与试题的意思不符。,2019/6/6,55,非谓语动词（三）动名词 动名词的特点：, 抽象 习惯性 【基本概念】 动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。,2019/6/6,56,例1：动名词做主语,Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. Checking information is very important. Doing this can save a lot of time and money. Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me.,2019/6/6,57,例2：动名词做宾语,After a short while he started directing films himself. Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. 例3：动名词做介词的宾语 Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. after在句中为介词，动名词opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its是动名词的逻辑主语。,2019/6/6,58,The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child.,I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. having been 是动名词being的完成式，做介词for 的宾语。,2019/6/6,59,【关键知识】,动名词的关键知识是: 动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据“约定俗成”的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。,2019/6/6,60,1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语， 不能用不定式：,suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, cant help, risk 等。 Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play.,2019/6/6,61,2.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。,remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。 remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事； regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）。,2019/6/6,62,- The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,句子的意思是“我刚才忘记了关灯”，“关灯”的动作没有发生。 - You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。,2019/6/6,63,try to do 表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。,The little time we have together we try _ wisely. A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that the little time we have together是spend的宾语，前置以示强调。 like (love) to do 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。 Little Tom should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taken 时间状语暗示了应该考虑“一次性动作”。,2019/6/6,64,动词need的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。,a)当主语是表示“人”的词语时，need 的宾语用动词不定式的一般式，这时不定式同句子的主语也是主谓关系。 Right now you need to stay still until help comes. 但是，也有少数句子need的宾语同句子的主语构成动宾关系，这时need的宾语可以用动名词或不定式的被动式： The patient will need looking after.,2019/6/6,65,b)当主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语时，主语同need往往为动宾关系。这时，用need to be done或need doing 均可，,要注意need doing 是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。 These shoes need repairing. These shoes need to be repaired. You have come just in time to help us.” “Fine. What needs _?” A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do 答案为C。what是句子的主语，表示事物。,2019/6/6,66,stop to do 和stop doing 的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。,stop doing中的doing 是动名词做宾语，表示stop动作的对象，意思为“停止做某事”。Stop to do 中的不定式to do 是目的状语，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。 “Lets have a break.“ “Not now. I dont want to stop _ yet.“ A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 答案为 D。,2019/6/6,67,mean doing 的意思是“意谓着”、“就是”。,I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office Missing the train means waiting for an hour. mean to do 的意思是“意欲做”或“打算做”。 What do you mean to do?,2019/6/6,68,动名词的逻辑主语,动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是：无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代词。,2019/6/6,69,He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. 译文：他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。,his 是动名词being called的逻辑主语，但同call 构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。,2019/6/6,70,再看下列两道试题：,They insisted on _ a thorough rest before going back to work. A. him to take B. he took C. his taking D. his taken 答案为C。 _ made her mother very angry. A. Helens married Jack B. Helen has married Jack C. Helen marrying Jack D. Helens marrying Jack 答案为 D。,2019/6/6,71,动名词的完成式,所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。 Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not