大学英语语法Introduction.ppt

A New English Grammar Course Xianda College, SISU,Hello! Im Lu Yuehua.,My phone number:My e-mail: luyuehuaaiyy ,Wishing you a happy year of the Snake!,拜年,蛇年大吉,wish someone a Happy New Year,Im going to visit Yang Li to wish her a Happy New Year.,Id like to text my Chinese New Year greetings to Yang Li.,Wishing you a happy year of the Snake!,Wishing you good fortune in the year of the Snake!,恭喜发财,万事如意,招财进宝,I wish you good fortune.,I wish you a prosperous Year of the Snake.,Wishing you a year full of wealth and prosperity.,May 10,000 matters go as you wish.,May all your wishes / dreams come true.,身体健康,学习进步,事业有成,家庭幸福,Wishing you good health.,Wishing you good progress in your studies.,Wishing you a successful career.,Wishing your family great happiness.,Questions,1. Do you like the English grammar? Why/ Why not?,2. How much do you know about the English grammar?,3. What do you expect to learn in this course?,TEM-4 Vocabulary & Grammar,冠词的用法 限定词的用法 名词和名词词组 动词和动词词组 形容词和形容词词组 副词和副词词组,7. 表示比较的方式 8. 主谓一致的问题 9. 时态（现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时） 10.语态 （被动语态）,12. 名词性从句 主语从句 表语（补语从句） 宾语从句 同位语从句,11. 非谓语动词 动词不定式 分词 （现在分词、过去分词、分词的独立主格结构） 动名词,13定语从句 （形容词性从句）,14状语从句 （副词性从句）,15 虚拟语气,16 倒装,Rules & Regulations,Students are required not to be late for class not to eat food in class not to chat in class to ask for leave if there is something urgent or special to preview the lesson before class to listen attentively and cooperate actively in class to do homework promptly after class,Ways of Evaluation,1. Your performance at ordinary times (30%) Attendance Performance in class Presentation Exercises 2. Final examination (70%),Grammatical hierarchy,The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence the clause the phrase the word the morpheme,The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents- the morphemes.,Morphemes,The morpheme is the minimum of smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech.,Free morphemes,A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word ( e.g. boy, girl, do, go ).,kind: kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindly friend: friendly, friendship, friendless, unfriendly, unfriendliness,book: bookmark, bookworm, bookshop, bookstall take: intake, take-home, take-over, take-off, takeaway, undertake,A bound morpheme is an “affix”, either an “inflectional affix” (e.g. boy-s, work-ed, go-ing, strong-er) or a derivational affix (e.g. kind-ness, in-appropriate).,Bound morphemes,A morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme is termed a “ bound morpheme”.,Allomorphs: a phonetically, lexically or grammatically conditioned member of a set of morphs representing a particular morpheme.,Compound form: arch- , auto-, bi(o)-, -crat, -dict, -duct, geo-, -graph, -hydro-, -logy, multi-, -phone, pseudo-, psych-, -scope, techn(o), tele-,Words,a. Simple word,at, by, in, on, up, down, far, near, hand, foot, get, take, make,b. Derivative word,Meaning “not”: un-, non-, in-, dis- Meaning “reversed action” : un-, de-, dis-, counter- Meaning “manners”: mis-, co- Meaning “on the side of”: pro-, anti- Meaning “degree/ size”: super-, ultra-, over-, under-, semi- Meaning “before/after”: pre-, fore-, post- Meaning “ above/lower/beneath/across”: sub-, inter-, trans-,c. Compound word,Compound noun: deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, snowfall, downfall Compound adjective: world-famous, bloodthirsty, dogtired, bittersweet Compound verb: (to) nickname, outline, spotlight, mass-produce Compound adverb: moreover, nevertheless Compound pronoun: another, something, anybody, nobody, whatever Compound conjunction: whenever, wherever, whereas Compound preposition: alongside, outside, throughout, notwithstanding,Word classes,Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are “closed” or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members.,Preposition: in, of, at, on, without, in spite of Pronoun: you, he, one, which, this, that Determiner: a, the, this, some, any, no Conjunction: and, or, but, because, when, if Auxiliary: do, can, may, must, will,Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable.,Noun: Smith, Paris, man, drama, faith Verb: work, give, make, take, talk Adjective: old, young, big, small, cheap Adverb: here, there, early, late, really, fast,Words in the open classes may be determined on the basis of three complementary criteria: meaning, form, and function.,Word formation,Affixation prefix: re-, in-, mis-, multi-, out-, over- suffix: -ion, -tion, ment, -dom, -ly infix : pesticide, thermometer,What is a “root”, a “stem”, or a “base”?,A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed (e.g. force in enforce and touch in untouchables).,A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed (e.g. chair in chairs, work in worked and untouchable in untouchables).,A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( e.g. touch in touchable, touchable in untouchable, and untouchable in untouchables).,b. composition,c. Conversion,Verbs to nouns : answer, doubt, love, smell Adjectives to nouns: daily, final, etc. Nouns to verbs: bottle, corner, elbow, hand Adjectives to verbs: calm, dirty, dry, empty Nouns to adjectives: cotton, brick,d. blending,Part + part : motel, smog, telecast, heliport, brunch Whole + part: breathalyzer, newscast, cheeseburger, workfare Part + whole: paratroops, medicaid, medicare, medichair, mocamp,e. back-formation,babysit babysitter; chainsmoke- chainsmoker,f. shortening,ad, phone, exam, lab, prof,g. acronyms,UFO, NATO, VIP, FBI, UN, UNESCO,Phrases,A phrase consists of one or more than one word, usually a string of words built up around a head word which determines both the class that the phrase belongs to and the way the phrase is structured.,a. The noun phrase (NP),A noun phrase consists of a head word, which is usually a noun, and one or more optional modifies. The general pattern of a noun phrase is: (determiner + ) (premodifier + ) noun ( + postmodifier),b. The verb phrase (VP),The verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. The former is just a main verb or “ modifier + main verb”, the latter is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+modifier).,c. The adjective phrase,The adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is: (modifier + ) adjective ( + postmodifier/ complementation),d. The adverb phrase,The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The general pattern is: (modifier + ) adverb ( + postmodifier ),e. The prepositional phrase,The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern is : (modifier + ) preposition +complementation,Clauses,The clause is composed of one or more than one phrase. A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”.,1. Independent and dependent clauses,In terms of grammatical function, a clause can be independent or dependent. The former is a clause that can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance, as distinguished from a dependent clause which forms only part of another clause or of a phrase.,2. Simple and complex clauses,When a clause consists of only one construction of “subject + predicate”, it is a simple clause. When a clause comprises another clause or other clauses as its element or elements, it is a complex clause.,3. Main and subordinate clauses,In a complex clause, the clause that take another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause.,4. Finite an non-finite clauses,A clause can be finite or non-finite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a non-finite clause is a clause with a non-finite verb phrase as its predicator.,5. Verbless clauses,When a clause is marked by the absence of any form of verb element, it is a verbless clause. A verbless clause is just a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element.,Sentences,The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication.,Full and minor sentences,A full sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing. A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situations can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.,Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences,A simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause,. Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. When an independent clause comprises one or more dependent clauses as its element, this makes a complex sentence. Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence.,You throw a stone at the window. Ill scream. You throw a stone at the window and Ill scream. If you throw a stone at the window, Ill scream.,Statements, commands, questions and exclamations,If we think of the social role of language, we can say that language is broadly concerned with giving and requiring information and with offering and requiring “things” or actions.,John is taller than any other student in the class. (statement) Keep your mouth shut. (command) Whats your name? (question) What a fine day! (exclamation),Statement Question Command Exclamation,Positive statements,Negative statements,General questions,Special questions,Alternative questions,Tag questions,Second/ first/ third person imperativ