唐学忠-Vocabulary.ppt

新课程理念下的高中 英语词汇教学 A Random Talk on Teaching High School English Vocabulary,浙江省德清县第三中学 唐学忠,语法与词汇哪一个更重要？,Wilkins(1972) : Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.,我国20世纪30-90年代中学英语词汇量设置,20世纪末世界部分国家中学英语词汇量设置,新课程标准对词汇量的要求,五级：理解和掌握1500-1600个单词和200-300 个习惯用语或固定搭配； 七级：学会使用2400-2500个单词和300-400个 习惯用语或固定搭配； 八级：学会使用3300个左右的单词和400-500个 习惯用语或固定搭配； 九级：学会使用4500个左右的单词和一定数量 的习惯用语或固定搭配。,九级-高中毕业优秀水平 八级-高考要求的水平 七级-高中毕业基本要求 六级- 五级-初中毕业基本要求 四级- 三级- 二级-小学毕业要求 一级-,课程标准分级设计,2009年高考词汇要求 2009年高考词汇要求由2008年的2000个左右提高到2500个左右；对合成、转换、派生等常用词汇更加重视；考查了在语境中综合运用词汇的能力，语篇中的生词按考试说明要求严格控制在3%以内。单项填空语言真实、地道、语境完整可信，采用了一些以口语交际形式出现的语境化句子时代特征明显，既有很强的典型性，又灵活多样，所有这些当中，词汇起到的作用功不可没，出现了如recommend,reliable,access,adapt 等高中词汇。单选题中有8个小题考查词义辨析，占40%。阅读中还出现了新生代词汇如e-nose(电子鼻),完型和阅读中均考查了修辞。,词汇教学的问题和困难,1. 主次不分，平均用力，负担过重 2. 求深不求广 ，难以有效拓展 3. 方法单一，缺乏语境，学得快忘得快 4. 缺乏策略指导，独立学习能力差 5. 重记忆、轻运用，语言运用能力差,影响词汇学习的三大因素 词汇输入因素： 频率（frequency） 语音（pronunciation: stress pattern） 语境（contextualization） 记忆因素： 处理深度（depth of processing） 词汇网络的建立 （ building of word net-works） 文化因素: 词汇的文化内涵差异对 词汇意义建构的影响,词汇教学的两种观点,孤立主义观点 联系主义观点,英语词汇学习的三维途径,直接词汇教学 附带词汇学习 独立策略发展,直接词汇教学指对词汇进行刻意的、有针对性的专门教学，其方式通常是对词汇的语义、语音、结构、用法以及其他相关方面进行讲解、说明、操练等。 附带词汇学习主要指学习者在进行其他学习活动时，如看英语电影、听英语歌、与人进行英语对话等，附带的、自然而然地习得英语单词。 独立策略发展指学习者有意识的使用和优化词汇学习策略，以扩大词汇量。,英语词教学策略,1.词块策略（基本记忆单位） 2.语境策略（上下文推断） 3.语义场策略（归类联想） 4.文化策略 （跨文化意识）,词汇教学建议：,1、词句结合，语篇综合，在语境中深化 2、学以致用，学用结合，在运用中掌握 3、训练策略，形成习惯，培养自主学习能力 4、课内课外并举，隐形显性结合，拓展词汇学用渠道 5、科学记忆，循序渐进，提高词汇学习效率,Preview work checking We can easily make out blue collar workers from the way they are dressed because they always wear _. overalls Liu Xiang is _ a flying man because he is a world record holder and Olympic gold medalist. He also recently won victory at the IAAF Championships in Osaka, Japan. be referred to as: be called / be regarded as / be thought of as,We say the greatest love in the world is mothers love because a mother will _ her life for her children anytime and anywhere. sacrifice People are not allowed to smoke in the forest because carelessly throwing cigarette ends in the forest may _ serious fires. give rise to / lead to / cause /generate / serve to / trigger,Can you tell a word that matches its definition?,1. to feel that there is no hope at all,despair V. despair of (doing) sth despair N. in despair,2. be about (sth); have as a subject,concern V.,3. to damage or change something so much that it is completely spoiled,mutilate V.,4. the worry, disappointment, or unhappiness you feel about something unpleasant,dismay N.,with/in dismay /to sbs dismay,Context & Definition,The prisoner of war changed into the guards clothes and _escaped death. narrowly ( only just, with little to spare) The _ square was a sea of flowers. immense ( very large) There was a head-on _ between a motorcycle and a truck on the highway. collision The _ for admission to this school are very high. standards (sth. used as a test or measure for weights, lengths, qualities or for the required degree of excellence),Revision of the new things ( blank-filling) 1. Look at the Transformer I bought for my son. It has become one of his _ possessions. prize 2. The policemen were doing some investigations about the _ . theft 3. On being given the fifty pence, George _ to obtain some chocolates for himself. set out 4. It usually takes quite a few years to _a foreign language skill. acquire,Sentence Imitation,1. In many ways, this is unfortunate for sb. who In the plum rain season in south China, it sometimes rains for dozens of days on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor farmers who mostly rely on the weather for a good harvest. ,2. As long ago as, made the remarkable discovery that As long ago as 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, the archaeologists made the remarkable discovery that there lived “Peking Man,” in Zhoukoudian, southwest of modern Beijing, who walked upright, made and used simple tools, and knew how to make fire. As long ago as 1492 Christopher Columbus, a Spanish explorer and navigator,made an important discovery that there was a land called the New World.,Patterns to imitate: The city at one time must have been ., for it The Winter Palace at one time must have been very splendid, for it covered a large area and served as a place for the emperors entertainment . Pompei at one time must have been very prosperous, for people still can see the remains of the bakers and some other shops in the crowded streets. Li Bai at one time must have been very famous, for wherever you travel, you can always see his poems on the stones or walls. Many of his poems have been passed down for centuries.,Patterns to imitate: are quite tolerant, but they can still when. Even really are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional , on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if 最近交通警察非常相当宽容，但是当你违反交通规则 的时候，他们仍可以拦住你。甚至是最诚实，小心的 司机，有时也被弄得有负罪感。而老练的职业司机即使 有时候犯规了，却也泰然处之。,The traffic police are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you break the traffic regulations.Even really honest and careful drivers are sometimes made to feel guilty. The hardened professional driver, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he breaks the rules now and then.,2. greeted by which convinced that 屋子里的一片狼藉，使我们相信这里前天晚上发生了 一场争执。 We were greeted by a terrible mess in the room which convinced us that there had a fight the precious night. 一 一股霉味向他袭来，使他相信这个房子已经很久没 人住了。 He was greeted by an unpleasant mildew which suggested the house had been uninhabited for a long time.,Patterns to imitate:,When reports came into that, they were not taken seriously.,When word from secret source came into the Pentagon that there would be a major terrorist action on Sept. 11, it was not taken seriously.,秘密渠道传来的消息说九月十一日将发生 一个恐怖袭击,当这个消息到达五角大楼时, 没有引起重视.,2. as began to accumulate, felt obliged to,当今越来越多的人开车上班.每天街道越来越拥挤. 当有关交通堵塞和交通事故的报告开始迅速增多时, 市政府感到有必要采取措施减轻道路压力.,More and more people are driving to work nowadays and the streets are getting busier and busier each day. As reports about traffic jams and accidents begin to accumulate fast, the city government feels obliged to do something at once to relieve the pressure on the road.,Quick responses: Recast these sentences with words and expressions given below,A queue of about 60 cars and buses were stuck on the way up or down the mountain a few days ago when there was a snowfall on the Zhejiang-Anhui border. ( lay thick, turninto, cover the road surface with,it was not long before, arrive on the scene),Adapting the story with the help of the following things: 1) tellingabout 2) found out acquired 3) accusedof 4) threatened to, had betteror 5) felt ashamed of 6) apologized tofor having accused 7) astonished to find out,phrases with “turn”,The ice particles soon turned into snow flakes. The radio is pretty loud. Cant you turn it down a little? The applicants have to turn in their applications before this Friday. He turned on the bath water to fill the bathtub so that he could relax himself by lying there for an hour.,A few students on duty will go to every classroom during the morning exercise time to make sure that all the lights are turned off. As soon as Ms.Shang came back from England, one of Ms.Qians classes was turned over to her. Who do you usually turn to when you are in trouble? If he doesnt turn up soon, well have to go without him. The sight of the lake was the end of her walk and meant that she had to turn back.,very great in size, degree, quantity,immense, huge, colossal, enormous, tremendous, vast, giant, gigantic, titanic adj. ( very big, strong，impressive,etc.) titan n. ( a very strong or important person ),confidence,What spirits and characteristics make the disabled successful?,belief,will,determination,patience,optimism,independence,Brainstorming,Locate the interesting adjectives that convey different feelings and emotions.,amazed absurd awful amused surprised,alarmed embarrassed disturbing frightening ridiculous elegant,John Butlin runs a successful furniture business and after a very good day, he put his wallet containing 3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and his fiance, Jane, went horse-riding, after which Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven only to find to their dismay that the money had been destroyed. John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains to the Mutilated Ladies department who identified the remains and returned the money.,Summary,US President George W. Bush and first lady Laura Bush lay a wreath into a reflecting pool at the site of the World Trade Center in New York September 10, 2006, during a ceremony to commemorate the fifth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Reuters,- than sb. expected get a good view of realize with a shock as far as in that case For the first time in sbs life,词汇长久记忆工序（陈琳，2004）,初次音形义的了解 多种语境意义理解 多通道并用记忆 与四会技能结合运用 尝试多次会议 不断校正 经常提取,维尔金斯（Wilkins,1983）,“词的意义来自它所出现的语言中，因此词的意义必须通过它所出现的句子、语境、语篇去学习。”,语言学家吕叔湘,“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命,才容易记住,才知道用法。”,42,Final Words,Try to have as many success oriented activities that are geared to the age groups you teach. Gradually progress from one stage to another but vary the activities within each stage. Consider appealing to the various mutiple intelligences.,词汇记忆的方法不胜枚举，八仙过海，各显神通。学无定法，学有常法，贵在得法，有一些科学的规律性的东西需要我们去遵循。 e.g. 1.词汇表策略（大容量浏览） 2.语境策略（上下文推断） 3.语义场策略（归类联想）,英语词汇记忆策略,常见英语词汇教学原则,1.量的原则 2.多管齐下原则 3.信息编码原则 4.及时强化原则 5.学以致用原则 6.借力使力原则 7.共同经验原则,艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线z,遗忘先慢后快的规律,4小时,9小时,词块知多少？,The Milky Way monkey business moving company laid-off animal year overseas student,银河 恶作剧 搬家公司 下岗人员 本命年 留学生,词块（chunking）,I mean what I say. I cant tell. I cant stand it. Its a long story. I wasnt born yesterday. I enjoy your company. Its a deal. Apples and oranges. in or around the village,词块的效率,Lets make up. You will be better off. Keep your fingers crossed. Its up in the air. Catch me later. Dont get me wrong. For here or to go? Dont take any chances.,词块的效率,An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 谚 一天一个苹果, 医生不上门。 apple of ones / the eye 瞳孔, 掌上明珠; 心爱的宝贝 a heavy light, fine rain 一阵大小、细雨 a rain of tears 泪如雨下 cats and dogs 美俚价值低的股票, 杂物; 零星东西 猛烈地, 大量地(指大雨),词块的效率,a green fruit 未熟的水果 a green wound 新伤口 a green old age 老当益壮 a boy green to his job 工作无经验的小伙子 green timber未干的木材 a green face苍白发青的脸 I suspect that my friends are greening me. 我怀疑我的朋友们在作弄我。,词汇的文化内涵,beef tea black tea make (the) tea afternoon tea green tea ice tea jasmine tea oolong red tea strong weak tea ones cup of tea,牛肉汤汁 红茶 泡茶, 沏茶 午后茶点 绿茶 冰茶 茉莉花茶 乌龙茶 浓淡茶 喜爱的东西；正中下怀,词汇的文化差异,吃了没有? How are you? 最近很忙吧？ Hows it going? 慢点走。 Take care. 干杯！ Cheers! 来，敬您一杯！ To your health. 您干得真好！ You did a good job. 您过奖了！ Thank you. 这是我应该做的！ My pleasure.,词汇的文化巧合,自食其言 eat ones words 一个接一个 one by one 乱七八糟 as sixes and sevens 第六感觉 sixth sense 在我的眼皮底下 under my nose 隔墙有耳 walls have ears 一耳进另一耳出 go in one ear and out the other,构词法的适量应用,不宜过份信赖构词法,indifferent footy settling catchment respective sticking gentler transparency,漠不关心的 无足轻重的, 保管很差的, 褴褛的 沉淀物 集水, 集水处(水库或集水盆地) 分别的, 各自的 粘的, 有粘性的 温和的,优雅的 透明, 透明度, 幻灯片, 有图案的玻璃,5.学以致用原则,You cant own a word until you use it three times. Long time no see.(语言的约定俗成性) 过犹不及！ go to big / small； No three, no four. Give you some color see see. Good good study, day day up.,6.借力使力原则,词汇辅助记忆软件： 英语词汇逻辑记忆、英语八哥、 不知不觉背单词、三心二意背单词、我爱背单词 词汇量测试软件：“你的词汇量有多少”（推荐） 工具书：查询词典和学习词典,1.成功体验原则 2.尝试回忆原则 3.高频优先原则 4.分类标注原则,易被忽略的英语词汇学习原则,词汇记忆策略,第一：大容量浏览！ 按开