《翻译常用技巧》PPT课件.ppt

Translation Techniques,Contents,Diction Amplification Omission Conversion Restructuring Passive Voice Affirmative & Negative,Diction选词,Example Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level Exercises,BACK,Example,Tension is building up. Without context, both “tension” and “building up” may have various explanations. Thus the English sentence may be translated into different Chinese expressions accordingly: 形势紧张起来 张力在增大 电压在增加 压力在增强,E-C & C-E Correspondence at Word Level,Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level maybe categorized as follows: word-for-word correspondence words with multiple equivalents of the same meaning words with several equivalents of different meaning equivalents interwoven with one another words without equivalents,1. word-for word correspondence,Proper Nouns and technical terms. e.g: Marxism=马克思主义 Aspirin =阿司匹林 激光= Laser 白血病=leukemia,2. words with multiple equivalents of the same meaning,wife: 妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人 potato：马铃薯，洋芋，土豆，山药 蛋 人：human being, man, people, person 犬：dog, hound, spaniel, setter,3.words with several equivalents of different meaning,cousin : 堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表哥，表弟，表姐，表妹 president: 总统，总裁，主席，董事长，议长，会长，社长，校长 走: walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, tiptoe, shamble, clump, prance 机: machine, engine, plane, aircraft,4. equivalents interwoven with one another,say, speak, talk, tell 说， 讲，谈，诉,5.words without equivalents,teenager：13-19岁的青少年 clock-watcher：老是看钟等下班的人 阴 (in Chinese thoughts) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world. 阳(in Chinese thoughts) the strong active male principle or force in the world,back,head,You should use your head a little. He has a good head for mathematics. The dinner cost 5 dollars a head. Lets discuss the question under 5 heads. He was standing at the head of the staircase. Where is the head?,Exercises,You should use your head a little. 你应该用一下自己的头脑。 He has a good head for mathematics. 他的数学能力很强。 The dinner cost 5 dollars a head. 这顿饭花去我们每人5 块钱。 Lets discuss the question under 5 heads. 我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。 He was standing at the head of the staircase. 他站在楼梯的顶端。 Where is the head? 厕所在哪里？（船上用语）,头,她正在梳头。 一辆小车停在桥西头。 他头天上午就来了。 我们有30头牛。 这还是我头一次来武汉。 孩子们在山头上上玩。,She is combing her hair. A car was parked at the west end of the bridge. He came here the previous morning. We have 30 (head of ) cattle. This is the first time I came to Wuhan. The children are playing on the top of the hill.,back,Amplification (增词法),Definition Amplification in EC Translation Amplification in C-E Translation Exercises,BACK,Definition,Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,back,I. Amplification in EC Translation,Generally speaking, in English- Chinese translation, amplification can be employed in the following 8 situations :,1. by supplying words omitted in the original,In the evening , after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。,2. by supplying necessary connectives,Heated , water will change into vapor. 水如受热，就会汽化。,3. by supplying words to convey plurality,Flowers bloom all over the yards. 朵朵鲜花开满庭院。,4. by supplying words to make an abstract concept clearer,There had been too much violence in that region. 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。,5. by supplying words of generalization,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers , artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机，人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。,6. amplification for rhetoric or coherence,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。,7. amplification for logic,The KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate, versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design. 柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。,8. amplification by repetition,Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust, or humidity. 不要在过冷，过热，灰尘过重，湿度过大的情况下使用电脑。 Ignorance is the mother of fears as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是崇拜的根源。,back,II. Amplification in C-E Translation,要提倡顾全大局。 天气寒冷，河水都结冰。 年满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。,要提倡顾全大局。 We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 天气寒冷，河水都结冰。 It was so cold that the river froze. 年满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。 All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and to stand for election.,1. amplifying by adding necessary pronouns,大作收到，十分高兴。 I was very glad to have received your writing. 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.,2. amplifying by adding necessary articles,我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.,3. amplifying by adding necessary connectives,老师在等我， 我得走了。 The teacher is waiting for me , so I must be off now. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.,4. amplifying by adding necessary prepositions,你是白天工作还是夜间工作？ Do you work in the day-time or at night? 该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region.,5. amplifying by adding necessary background words,三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. 这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。 It is just as Proverb goes, “ The onlookers sees the most of the game”,back,Exercises,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. We wont retreat , we never have and never will. Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.,吃饭防噎，走路防跌。 送君千里，终有一别。 天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。 他们患得患失，拒绝接受分配给他们的任务。,读书使人充实，讨论使人敏锐，写作使人精确。 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。 海洋与其说是分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。 热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。,While eating, take heed that you do not choke; while walking, take heed that you do not fall. Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one itll rain presently. Swayed by considerations of gain and loss, they refused to accept the jobs assigned to them.,back,Omission 省略法,Omission in E-C translation Omission in C-E translation Exercises,BACK,I. Omission in E-C Translation,The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones. 电子表比机械表准确得多。,Example:,It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. 自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。（省强调句中的it） One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。（省代词） A soldier must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。（省冠词）,1. Omission of the pronoun,He put his hands into his pocket and shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。,2. Omission of the Article,Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体，液体或气体，都由原子组成。,3. Omission of the preposition,Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所，禁止吸烟。 The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。,4. Omission of the conjunction,He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 早知如此，我就不参加了。,5. Omission of the Verb,When the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。,6. Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun “It”,Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 It was not until the middle of 19th century that the blast furnace came into use. 直到19世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。,back,II. Omission in C E Translation,Omission in C-E translation is generally employed in three circumstances:,redundant words in original Chinese, such as unnecessary repetition and wordy expressions; the original meaning that has already been implied in the context of English version; the original meaning obviously shown in the English version without further elaboration.,1. Omission of Redundant Words,我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。 I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.,2. Omission of Words of Conceptual Category,这些都是人民内部矛盾问题。 All these are contradictions among the people. 多年来那个国家有严重的失业现象. For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.,3. Omission of Meticulous Description,花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.,back,Exercises,These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population abound in natural resources. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 他把事情一五一十的都给父母讲了。 这些新型汽车速度快，效率高、行动灵活。,这些发展中国家都地大物博，人口众多。 不要自寻麻烦。 He told his parents the whole story as it exactly happened. The newly produced car is fast, efficient and handy.,back,Conversion转换法,Definition Conversion in E-C Translation Conversion in C-E Translation Exercises,BACK,Conversion, one of the commonly adopted translation techniques, means the change of part of speech in translation.,I. Definition,back,This watch never varies more than a second in a month. 这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。,II.Conversion in E-C translation,Generally speaking, conversion of parts of speech in E-C translation take the following forms: 1. Conversion into Verbs 2. Conversion into Nouns 3. Conversion into Adjectives 4. Conversion into Adverbs,1. Conversion into Verbs 1) Nouns Converted Into Verbs,I think my little sister is a better teacher than I. 我的小妹妹比我教得好。,2) Prepositions Converted Into Verbs,Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯,3) Adjectives Converted Into Verbs,You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. 你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。,2. Conversion into Nouns,1） Verbs Converted Into Nouns Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。,2）Adjectives Converted Into Nouns,I wish he was blind 我希望他是个瞎子。,3. Conversion into Adjectives,1） Nouns Converted Into Adjectives Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。 This experiment was a success. 这个实验很成功。,2） Adverbs Converted Into Adjectives and Nouns,The pressure inside equals the pressure outside. 内部的压力和外部的压力相等。,4. Conversion into Adverbs,1） Adjectives Converted Into Adverbs Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. 只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,2） Nouns and Verbs Converted Into Adverbs,I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。,back,III. Conversion in C-E translation,Verbs Converted Into Other Parts of Speech 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good. 绝对不许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated.,Conversions Between Other Parts of Speech 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.,back,IV. Exercises,With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more. My audience varied from tens to thousands. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。,With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more. 随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。 My audience varied from tens to thousands. 我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。 There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. 目前我国各地对各种消费品的需求已大大增加。,The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。 They dont know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work; nor about military affairs. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.,back,Restructuring,Definition Different Word Order in English and Chinese Restructuring in E-C Translation Restructuring in C-E Translation Exercises,BACK,I. Definition,As one of the translation techniques, restructuring means the necessary or inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. It is also called rearrangement or inversion.,BACK,II. Different Word Order in English and Chinese,Most of the information we got is through that channel. 我们得到的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的。(Different order of the attributive phrases and clauses) His address is 3621 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19104, U.S.A. 他的地址是美国宾夕法利亚州费城市场街3612 号。邮政编码19140。(Different order of the sequence of events),My uncle passed away in hospital at 2.30 a.m. on September 12,1999. 我的伯父于1999年12月凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。(different order of the adverbials of time),BACK,III. Restructuring in E-C Translation,1. Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations heart- warming 暖人心的 tough-minded 意志坚定的 the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 food, clothing, shelter and transportation 衣、食、住、行 every means possible 一切可能的手段 rain or shine 无论晴雨,2. Different Sequences in Customary Sentence Arrangement He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of power. 他被剥夺了权利之后， 只好离职，流落他乡。 Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected: there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. 人们早就怀疑大气层中有一个“高温带”其中心在距地面大约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。,3. Subordinate Clauses in a Complex Sentence The government is determined to keep up pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end. 不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。 No matter how hard he tried, he failed at last. 不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。,4. Cases Involving Adverbials They, not unexpectedly, did not respond. 他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。 Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她满以为会有奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。,5. “That” Clause Used as a Judgment or Conclusion It is not surprising that, when humidity is low, the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit. 在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水份蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。 It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算在今年1月访问中国，后来我又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望。,IV. Restructuring in C-E Translation,社会主义的现代化强国 a modern, powerful socialist country. 一位美国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary American writer,各条战线上的先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts 这是能想象得出的最好解决办法。 This is the best solution imaginable. 他真是一个活雷锋。 He is indeed a Lei Feng alive.,BACK,VI. Exercises,1. This tea party was given by Mr. Smith, senior correspondent of The Times, London. 2. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 3. I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European community.,4. 直到昨天我才知道他住院了。 5. 他穿过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车子上。 6. 我们的部队水陆并进，及时抵达前线。,This tea party was given by Mr. Smith, senior correspondent of The Times, London. 这个茶会是由伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者史密斯先生举办的。 He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人敢于公然藐视世界公众舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。,I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European community. 我强烈地认为，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。,直到昨天我才知道他住院了。 I didnt know that he was hospitalized until yesterday. 他穿过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车子上。 While crossing the street, he looked right and left, afraid that he might run into some passing car. 我们的部队水陆并进，及时抵达前线。 Our troops advanced by both land and water, and arrived at the front in time.,Passive Voice & Active Voice,BACK,Introduction to Passive Voice and Active Voice Passive Voice in English and its Translation Passive Structure in Chinese and its Translation Exercises,a. They arrived at the summit on the fifth day. b. The fifth day saw them at the summit. (Halliday, 1988) a. 一进花房(他们)就闻到了一股浓烈的花香。 b. 一进花房一股浓烈的花香就扑鼻而来。 （周志培,2003）,a.他们打死了一只老虎。 b.他们把那只老虎打死了。 c.老虎被他们打死了。 d.老虎他们打死了。 e.老虎打死了。 a.b主动句，c被动句，d.e形式上的主动，但实际表示被动过程。,主动和被动在意义上的差别就表现在：主动叙述强调的是动作，被动叙述强调的是动作完成后所呈现出的状态。 My brother broke the teapot. The teapot was broken by my brother. The teapot was broken. The teapot is broken. (1)侧重动作；(2)侧重于状态的动因；（3）着重说明的是状态；（4）说明的是性质和状态，是静态句。,实际的语言交际过程中对主动与被动句的使用，取决于说话人是选取行为者还是选取动作的对象作话题。如果选取行为者为话题，句子多为主动；如果选取动作的对象为话题，句子多为被动。但含有被动意义的句子不见得都是被动句，如“老虎他们打死了”“老虎打死了”。 对话题的选择往往又取决于句子中的信息安排，旧的在前，新的在后。如果行为者是已知信息就放在句首，句子便有了主动意义；如果动作对象是已知信息，则放在句首，那么句子便有了被动意义。,主动与被动的差异也与民族文化和思维方式有关。中国文化的最高境界“天人合一”，中国传统哲学注重物我合一，“万物皆备于我”，人和万物的和谐关系，人居主导地位。西方哲学的“物我分明，主客相对”。 我生于南昌，也在那里参加了革命。 I was born in Nanchang and there I joined the revolution.,BACK,Passive Voice in English and its Translation,Passive Voice in English syntactic passive notional passive Passive Voice in E-C Translation,BACK,Syntactic Passive,The injured was allowed home after treatment. This matter should be taken up with the insurance company. Unfortunately, his excellent book on this subject was denied by the publishing house. The word “plastic” comes from the Greek and is used to describe something. The excellent book was written by the writer who lived and worked in the mountains together with hunters for about ten years.,back,Notional Passive,The clock winds up at the back. Your book reads well. Mary does not photograph well. The dish smells wonderful. The book is printing. The suggestion requires further considering. The patient is on injection. Your proposal is still under discussion.,back,Passive Voice in E-C Translation,1. Passive voice is converted into active voice 2. Passive structure converted into a sentence without a subject. 3. Passive structure unchanged 4. Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures,BACK,1. Passive voice is converted into active voice 1) with the original subject unchanged 2) with the original object changed into subject 3) with an added proper subject,The sense