《语法状语从句》PPT课件.ppt

状语从句（一）,pre-class quiz： The old man was nearly knocked over by a car_ he was crossing the street. I had no sooner gone to bed_ someone knocked on the door. _ there is a oppression, there is resistance. You may borrow my dictionary_ you return it to me on time. Keep the windows closed_ it should rain. You should study_ Mary does. The blind man asked the driver to stop the elephant _he could have a “look” A neoconservative once said that America would not be afraid_ all the other countries throughout the world united to oppose it. _ you work hard, you will surely pass the final examination. _ hard he studies, he often fails in his examinations.,keys：while / than/where/if (provided that)/in case/ as/ so that (in order that)/even if (even though)/ as long as / no matter how (however),第一节 时间状语从句 一When, while和as 引导的状语从句 1.当while的意思是“在期间”时，所引导的从句谓动词要用延续性的动态动词或表示状态的静态动词； 2.When 的意思是“当的时候， 在期间”，它引导的从句有时可以代替while或as引导的从句。 3. As 可用when 或while 代替，区别在于as更强调主句动作和从句动作的同时性。 saw him as he was getting off the bus. (when he got off the bus) 思考： can we use while here? We talked as we ate. 我们边吃边谈。（can we use when or while here?）,注：when 和while 有时可起 并列连词的作用,1）when 作并列连词用时意为“突然”，“正在这时”，通常用于句末，不能用于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时，过去完成时或be about to 结构等。 She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer. He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down. 2) while 意为“而”, 但是， 连接两个意义上相互对比的成分。 He knew how to answer the question, while I couldnt answer it. Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.,二一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句 有些表示时间的副词如once, directly, immediately 等也可作连接词用来引导时间状语从句，意为“一就” Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. Immediately he came home, I told him about it. Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes. 地雷爆炸 三某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句 某些表示时间的名词词组如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last (first) time, next time, each time, every time等也可用来引导时间状语从句。 Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. You can call me any time you want to. The last time I went to the United States, I visited many cities. The instant the result came out, she told us. The moment he saw me, he turned pale.,四连接词as soon as, since, no sooner than 等引导的时间状语从句 1）连接词as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barely when/before.，no sooner.than等引导的时间状语从句，意为“刚（一）就” As soon as their mother came in , the children cried out with pleasure. Jack had scarcely / hardly seen me when / before he left the room.杰克一看到我就离开了房间。 The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country. 那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。 注：在no sooner.than, hardly / scarcely / barely when / before.引导的时间状语从句中，如果把no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely 放在句首，则要用倒装结构。 No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. 他一听到这个消息就晕了过去。 Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang.,五till 与until 1. 一般情况下可以互换，但是 1）till多与否定形式的主句连用，而until多与肯定形式的主句连用。 He didnt hand in his paper till he had gone it over. (用until也是正确的) 否定 You must stay in bed until you recover from your illness. (用till也是正确的) 肯定 在句首只能用until，此时若是在肯定句中谓语为延续性动词意为“直到.为止”； 若是在否定句中谓语为终止性（非延续性）动词意为“直到才”，此时相当于before. Until he came back the mother would wait. 妈妈要一直等到他回来为止。 Until you told me I had no idea of what she said. 直到你告诉我我才知道她说的什么意思。 2.如果Not until 位于句首，需用倒装结构。 Not until after the war did they meet again. 直到战后他们才又相见。 Not until he told me did I knew it.直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。 3.It is not until. that结构表示强调。 It wasnt until they had a discussion that they made up their mind.他们直到讨论过后才下定决心。 思考： It was not until she had arrived home_ remembered her appointment with the doctor. A when B that she C and she D she,答案为B. that 在句中引导强调句型。直到她到家里才想起与医生有个约会。,六Since 引导时间状语从句与搭配的时态用法 1. 通常情况下，在含有since 从句的复合句中，主句用完成时，从句用一般过去时态。 I have studied (have been studying) Chinese since I went to school. His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本书非常畅销，从那以后他就成了一位名作家。 2.但是，当主句的主语是时间的it 时，主句可用一般时态,从句仍用过去时态。 It is twenty years since I saw you last. 3.当从句的动词是静态动词或延续性动态动词时，从句也可用完成时态。（以上例句的went, saw 都是非延续性动词） 更多比较见教材P298,第二节 地点状语从句,地点状语从句一般由where, wherever, everywhere和anywhere引导。 Where there is water, there is life. Wherever you go ,youd better take an umbrella with you. Everywhere we went, we were warmly welcomed. You may sit anywhere you like.,第三节 原因状语从句,一.Because，since和as引导的原因状语从句 在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because 引导的从句 It was because he was careless that he failed. It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us. 二.复合连词引导的原因状语从句 复合连词in that, now that, seeing that, considering that 等可用来引导原因状语从句。 例句见教材p300 思考： not that. but that I havent finished writing the report yet, not that I am lazy, but that I have no time. 补充：介词词组引导的原因状语从句 I eat potatoes for the simple reason that I like them. I darent tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me. He was not severely punished for his crime on the ground that he was young.,第四节 条件状语从句,一If, unless 引导的条件句 注：1) unless不能代替 if.not 引导的虚拟条件句 Mary wouldnt have been so seriously ill if （Not： unless she had ）she hadnt been so careless about her health. 2) Unless不能用and 连接两个unless从句，而if.not 不受限制。 She wont lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day. 不能说：She wont lose weight unless she keeps a diet and unless she takes exercise every day. 二其他用来引导条件状语从句的连词 As long as / on condition that/ Suppose / supposing/ Provided / providing that / Given (that) provided , providing 和 if If 可以代替Provided, 但是Provided不一定能代替If。 I will lend money to you, provided (=if )you pay me back in 3 weeks. If (not: provided )you dont believe me, I cant help you. 3) in case : 表示不希望的前提条件，表万一。,三 .有时分词短语或介词短语可以表示条件： 讲解见教材P 303 （3） 四条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时 如果主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需用一般现在时代替一般将来时 If I have enough money next year, I will go to England. If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you. 但是，如果从句表示的是主语的意志，意愿或以you 作主语表示请求时，则用will, would。 Id be very glad if you would come. 如果你愿意来我会非常高兴。 If you will go, Ill go with you. 如果你