《阅读理解解题技巧》PPT课件.ppt

阅读理解解题技巧,_,_,Contents,阅读部分基本要求,一.,二.,三.,阅读理解题型分类,阅读理解解题技巧和步骤,应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的两篇文字材料，完成每篇文章后的5-6个选择题,阅读速度应达到每分钟60个单词左右。,一. 阅读部分基本要求,文章十大命题原则,（一）列举处常考 列举 First,.Second,.Third,.等逐条出， 并列指A, B and C,逐项列出。常考题型为“细节性问题”主要有： Which 题型 只要求从并列的三项中选一项为答案，其他选项与题目无关。 EXCEPT 题型 排除满足文章内容的，留下不符合文章的错误选项。称为“三缺一”。,（二）转折处与强对比处常考 转折处一般通过however, but, yet, in fact 等引导。 命题模式：文章中说A具有X属性，B与A不同；问B有何属性？答案：非X属性。（“反着考”） （三）例子常考 由 as, such as, for example, for instance 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，需要注意：例子一般是和文章的中心或段中心紧密相关的，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。,（四）数字与年代常考 数字、年代、日期常考。（数字题型） （五）最高级及绝对性词汇常考 文中若出现first, must, all, only, anyone, always, never, none 等绝对性词汇或most + 形容词（副词）和两者+est 等最高级词汇，或only, sole, unique, simply(只要), just(只要)等表唯一的词汇往往是考题要点。一般出“细节性问题”。 （六）专有名词常考 包括人名、地名、其他专有名词，阅读之前，扫视文章后题中如有专有名词，划下来。,（七）隐蔽处常考 同位语 插入语 定语 长句后半句 从句 副词 不定式 （八）因果句常考（“推断性问题”） 表因果的连词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, consequently 等； 表因果的动词：cause, result in, originate from 等； 表因果的名词：base, basis, result, consequence 等。,（九）段落句常考 首段首句（段首句）和末段最后一句常出主题性问题、细节性问题，和结构性问题。 （十）特殊标点常考 破折号：表解释，考细节性问题； 括号：表解释，考细节性问题； 冒号：表解释，考细节性问题； 引号：表引用，考细节性问题。,统考试题的阅读部分中，测试的问题可分以下类: 1、 正误判断题 、细节题 、推理题 、要旨题 、词义题（指代释义题）,二. 阅读理解题型分类,1. 正误判断题 这类题经常以这样的问题方式出现 、 According to the passage, which of the following is (NOT) true? “通过文章可以得出下面哪项是（不）正确的？” 、 According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT （BUT） “通过文章可以得出下面除以外其余全是正确的”（要求选出错误的选项）。,2. 细节题 主要是考查考生对文章某些事实的细节和数据的掌握。文中的时间、地点、人物、数量或事实多为提问的对象（即when, where, who, why, how, how many/much,）这类问题的答案一般都能在原文中找到。如， According to the passage, President Jackson _. A. couldnt draw up any documents at all B. didnt like to read important papers by himself C. often had his assistants sign documents for him D. wasnt good at reading, writing or spelling,常见的提问方式有： Which of the following is (not) true? Which of the following is mentioned except? The reason for is that?,Example : One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin(盘尼西林) saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia(肺炎) was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.,(,),(,),Q 1: According to the passage, one of the leading causes of death during the first World War was _. A. gas B. accidents C. disease D. drugs Q 2: According to the passage, penicillin was useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes except _. A. hurting the enemy B. treating pneumonia C. preventing infection D. healing wounds,_,_,3. 推理题 这类问题主要是为了测试我们的逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，对某些句子修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。要注意切不可把原文中已明确陈述的事实作为答案， 要选“言中所无，意中所有”的答案。,3.1 常见的推理题提问方式有： 、 From the passage, it can be inferred that 从文章可以推论出什么？ 、One could conclude from the passage that 从文章可以得出什么结论？ 、This passage has probably been taken from 文章很可能是从什么地方选出的？ 更多提问方式： We can learn from the passage that The passage/the author implies that It can be concluded from the passage that Which of the following is the authors view on? The authors purpose of writing the passage is,3.2 逻辑推理的关键词： 褒义词：positive（肯定的、积极的）, useful, efficient等 贬义词：negative（否定的、消极的）, disgusting（令人厌恶的）, critical（批判的）, disapprove（不赞成） 等 中性词：indifferent（冷漠的）, neutral（中立的）等,Example 1: Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine? Some stars have used up all their fuel. They are called “dead stars”. Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy, because they seem to push and pull other stars around them. Since we cannot see these dead stars, how do we know that they exist? Scientists can determine their existence by studying the movements of stars that do shine. Q: The story implies, but does not directly state that dead stars _. A. affect other stars B. are too far away to be seen C. force all smaller stars away D. do reflect light,_,(,),Example 2: Each day every person in the United States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾). There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we buy our food. The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate. Many cities are doing experiment with newer ways of handling their piles of garbage. One of these new ways is “recycling”(回收利用). Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else. These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a raw material to a finished product again.,Q 1: Traditionally, garbage is thought to be _. A. a worthless burden to big cities B. something that can be reused C. a raw material for making new products D. able to recycle but difficult to handle Q 2: A lot of cities are trying new ways to treat garbage mainly because _. A. their environment is becoming more and more dirty B. the traditional ways of treating wastes are not efficient C. they are short of useful material D. they need new material made from garbage,_,_,4. 要旨题 这类题的目的是了解文章所论述的主要思想以及作者的写作意图。常见的提问方式有： The passage is about The theme / main idea of the passage is What is the purpose/conclusion/view of the passage? The best title for this passage would be What does the passage mainly discuss? What is the general topic of the passage?,在做答这类试题时，不要选择过于具体的某个细节的选项，也不要选择过于笼统的答案。最基本的方法是找各个段落的主题句。主题句具有语意完整、形式简洁、观点明确的特征，给人以“一言道破”的感觉。段落主题句和语篇主题句一般位于段落或篇章的开头部分，然后展开讨论。但在有些文章中，主题句则出现在段末或篇末，作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。因此解答主旨题时，应该多关注一个段落的两头。当然，有时候主题句藏在一段的中间，甚至没有主题句。,要旨题解答时注意避免以下常见的干扰项: 1）选项只概括了局部信息，即某个自然段中的细节或某个自然段的大意，而不是文章的主旨.在做题时，切记晃一眼就匆忙做选择； 2）有些干扰选项概括范围过宽，即选项内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容； 3）有些干扰选项涉及到无关信息，即文章本身无法推断出来的信息，也就是文章中没有提到也找不到语言依据的信息。,Example 1: The snow was falling very heavily. The sky was very cloudy. The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour. It was -18 degrees outside. It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you. Q: Which of the following sentences best express the main idea of the paragraph? A. Its cold outside. B. Its winter time. C. The weather was changeable. D. The weather was terrible.,_,Example 2: There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access(接近)to certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.,Q: The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage is_. A. Economic Principle B. Law of Supply and Demand C. More Goods, Lower Prices D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices,_,5. 词义题(或叫指代释义题) 该类题并非是单纯地考查词汇量，而是考查学生在一定的上下文中辨认和推测词义的能力。常见命题方式为： 1. The word .(Line, Para) most probably refers to _. 2.The word “” stands for _ 3. In this passage, probably means _. 4. The word “” could best be replaced by which of the following? 5.What is the meaning of “”in Line 6.According to the passage, the phrase “”means_,1）利用同义词的释义 例如：Jane is punctual, that is, every day she comes here on time. Jane 很准时，也就是说，她每天都准时来这里。 分析：that is引出对punctual的释义，即on time（准时，按时）。,2）利用例子 例如：Select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker. 从这些期刊中来选择：时代周刊，新闻周报，读者文摘或纽约时报。 分析：根据Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker的共同点，可以得出periodicals的释义，即周刊，杂志。,3）利用比较关系 例如：The snow was falli