《英语翻译方法》PPT课件.ppt

,商务英语翻译方法 英译汉有九种常用的技巧，包括词义的确定、增词法，省略法、词类转译法，词序调整法、正反、反正表达法，重复法、分句合句法，语态转换法。此外，还有从句的译法，长句的译法等, 习语的译法等等。,一、词义的确定 一般来说，英语的词义比较灵活多变，词义对上下文的依赖也较强。“Each word when used in a new content is a new word.” 以下从三个方面加以分析：一词多义、词义的引申以及词的感情色彩。,一词多义（polysemy） 英语中一词多义的现象非常的普遍, 翻译时一定要多加注意。例如： (1）Like knows like. (2) He likes listening to pop songs. (3) She looks like a little sad.,2. 词义的引申(Extension of Meaning) 词义的引申是指改变原文字面意义的翻译方法，使原文的意思表达得更加准确，译文更加通顺流畅。引申有三种情况，即词义转义，词义的具体化和词义的抽象化。,词义转义 （1）Like any precision machine, the lathe requires careful treatment. (2) Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of energy.,词义具体化 The purpose of a driller is to cut holes. (2) The big problem in fabrication is how to control contamination and foreign materials.,词的抽象化 There are three steps which must be taken before we are graduate from the marketing. The major contributors in component productive capacity of the economy have been the real assets.,词的感情色彩 词汇按照感情色彩可分为褒义、褒贬（Commendatory and Derogatory Words）和中性三类。 英文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，翻译时就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来。,例如：Henry keeps boasting that company has never been in the red before. 享利总是吹嘘说他的公司以前从未亏过欠过。（贬义） He was a man of high fame. 他是位有名望的人。（褒义）,英语中也有一些中性词，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但是具体语境中可能存在着褒贬意味，汉泽时就应该把其褒贬意义表达出来，例如下面两句中的ambitions： 用褒义词表达 On the way to New York, they reflected their hopes and ambitions.,用贬义词表达 Their ambitions to obtain the highest authority were at last realized.,Classroom Exercise,1. Every young men should have big ambition. 2. His ambition was falsified at last. 3. His tutors incited him to go into further research. 4. The plotters incited the soliders to rise against their officers.,5. There is more to their life than political, social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness. 6. Every life has its roses and thorns. 7. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.,8. Many service stations now have payment dispensers-machines at the pump that take credit cards so that drivers can pay electronically without getting out of their cars or using cash. 9.Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.,10. In any line the fundamental rule is first come, first served. 11.The system is still in its infancy. 12. We usually only get a trickle of customers in the shop in the morning. 13. The smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in 1992. 14. The economic growth in this country has been fueled in part by its expansion export.,15. Japans trade surplus fell 32 percent in February from a year earlier as a stronger yen hurt export.,二、词类转译法 (Translation) 词类转换是翻译中经常用的技巧。由于英语和汉语分属两种不同语系，表达方法、用词习惯上存在有很大的差异，翻译时不可能百分之百地保留原文词类，多数情况下需要转换才能译得通顺、自然。,在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就必须作必要的词类转换，方能使汉语译文通顺自然，商务英语翻译也是如此。,For example: The moderate price coupled with the superiority of our goods will surely induce you to pass us goods . 我们货物的公道价格和品质的优良性一定会使贵方向我们定货。,就商务英语翻译而言，词类转换主要涉及以下五种： 一、名词转换为动词 可以转译的通常是含有动作意味的名词（组）。 1. 由动词派生的抽象名词（词组） For example: The failure of the firm was caused by bad management.,2. 由动词加“er”或“or”构成的普通名词 For example: The economic environment is characterized by buyers, sellers and competitors.,二、 介词转译为动词 介词短语做表语时 For example: The damage to the packing of goods under contract NO.OSXT76134 is so serious that it is beyond description.,2. 介词短语做状语时 介词短语做状语与做表语一样，汉译时需要转换为动词后变为句子。 For example: With the future deterioration of the Westem economy, the prospects of chemicals market become very dim.,三、形容词转译为动词 Foe example: The home office was totally unaware of the sales push and had no plans to ship the products.,四. 动词转译为名词 在翻译过程中有如下两种情况可以考虑将英语动词转译为名词。 1. 由于表达方式不同,英语中有一些动词如:“aim at”, “behave”, “characterize”, “impress”, “interest”, “target”等，在汉语中往往找不到对应动词，因而，汉译时要转换成名词来表达。,For example: This strategy targets a specific segment of buying public by carrying products only in a specific price range.,2. 英语中还有一些动词如“back”, “mark”, “operate”, “organize”, “spend”等，虽然可以用对应的汉语动词直译 但转换为名词来译可能更易于行文，而且比用动词更具有强调意味。,For example: For the last 25 years the US Federal Government has spent more than it has taken in.,五、名词转换为形容词、副词、或介词短语 1. 名词转换为形容词 英语名词（组）转译为形容词主要用于处理下面两种情况：一是英语中表示种类、数量的名词（组），如“kind of .”, “sort of .”, “variety of .”, “majority of.”, “part of.”等，翻译时可转为“的”结构,用做修辞语。,For example: In October last year, china eventually agreed to scrapping the majority of its barriers to foreign trade over the next 5 years.,二是这类表示种类、数量的名词视情况可以转译， 也可以不转译。 For example: Maintenance of equipment forms a part of the shops business.(一部分业务或业务的一部分),2. 名词转换为副词 英语名词转译为副词多用于处理不定式短语所修饰的名词词组。翻译时可按照汉语行文习惯将名词转译为副词，以修饰后面的不定式动词。 For example: If you give us the agency, we should spare no effort to further your trading interests in America.(不遗余力地),The United States was unhappy with the slowness of Japan to advance free trade.(慢吞吞地),Classroom Exercise,Indonesia responded by creating its own industrial complex on the then undeveloped island of Batam. These trade-liberalizing measures were intended to promote the more efficient use of resources in the country. No longer is the creation of money and jobs essential; it is rather the improvement of the quality of life that must be our concern,三、增词法 (Amplification) 有时为了更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容，更符合汉语的习惯，汉译时，可按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词。 1、根据意义上修辞的需要，可增加动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词以及表达时态的词等。,例如： Human labor produces goods, services and value as well. 人类的劳动生产了商品，提供了劳务，也创造了价值。(增加动词),Up went the arrow into the sky ! 箭嗖地一声冲上了蓝天！(增加副词) To wash before meal. 饭前洗手。(不及物动词后增加名词) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这台打印机真是价廉物美。(形容词前增加名词),Many companies lost money because of faulty management. 由于管理上的失误，许多公司亏了本。 (具体名词后增加名词) He was still reluctant to talk substance. 他仍然不愿意谈实质性问题。(抽象名词后增加名词),Before investment they had a long talk. 投资以前，他们长时间地交谈了一番。(增加量词),I never thought you would provide significant financial and economic information to our firm. 我以前从未想过你们会给我们公司提供重大的财务住处以及经济信息。(增加表达时态的词),2根据句法上的需要，汉泽时可增补原文中的省略成分。例如： Id rather buy an expensive bicycle than a cheap one . 我宁愿买辆贵的自行车而不愿买辆便宜的。,Better go to the bank today. 今天你最好到银行一下。 But without income, we would stop buying from the market. 然而，如果不再有收入，我们就会停止从市场上买东西。,四、省略法(Ellipsis) 省略就是原文中的一些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而有其意；这是从语法上和修辞上的需要删去一些累赘的、可有可无的词，而不是删去原文中的某些思想内容。,从语法角度上可省去代词，连接词，冠词，介词等。例如： He was now in trouble and try as he might; he hadnt been able to change it.他目前处艰难，虽然几经努力，还是未能改变。(省去重复出现的代词) We live and learn.活到老，学到老。(省) Tom often does his homework in the evening. 汤姆常常晚上做作业。(省去物主代词),When in doubt, consult the dictionary. 拿不准，就查词典。(省去表时间的连接词) Saving the patient is a doctors duty. 挽救病人是医生的职责。(省略表示类别的冠词),The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。(省略表示独一无二事物的冠词) On the night of October 8, they got to the top of the Everest. 十月八日晚，他们登上了珠峰。(省略表示时间的介词),从修辞角度上可根据汉语习惯，在译文中省略一些重复出现的、可有可无的词，从而使译文达到言简意赅的境界。 If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures. 小不忍则乱大谋。,As prearranged, the leaders on both sides met yesterday, it was their first-together in more than two years. 领导人按照预先的安排于昨日再会晤，这是两年多来的一次。(这里上句提到“会晤”，下句get-together 就可以省略了),一、翻译下列句子，考虑运用增词技巧 In reply to your order of December 15, we regret to say that we do not have in stock any such articles as you describe. The agreement may be reached before or after the occurrence of a dispute. There are two major ways to develop distributions: direct and indirect.,二、翻译下列句子，考虑运用减词技巧 As a sales contract, it usually has following parts: He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. Shanghai investors are also getting smarter, spreading their portfolios among inflation-linked fixed bank deposits, treasury bonds and other financial investment.,五、重复法(Repetition) 在翻译过程中有时为了达到明确、强调或生动的目的，往往需要将一些关键词加以重复。 (1) 为了明确，译文中可以重复文中的名词、代词或动词等。例如： Id like to open a checking and a savings account. 我想开一支票账户和一个储账户。(重复作宾语的名词) John is my friend as well as yours. 约翰是你的朋友，也是我的朋友。 This is a lesson for Bob, for me, for all of us. 这对鲍勃来说是个教训，对我来说也是一个教训，对我们所有的人来说都是一个教训。(重复介词前所省略的名词),In my office that morning, when I shook her hand, I had suddenly felt a warmth of affection, of nostalgia, of gratitude. 那天早上，当我在办公室里握住她的手时，我突然感觉到一种爱的温暖，思乡的温暖和感激的温暖。(重复介词前所省略的名词) They provide the employers with capital, which is usually paid for the accommodation, machinery and other items. 他们为雇主提供资本，而这些资本常用于支付房屋设备、机器和其它项目。(重复在定语从句中做先行词的名词),Money is not only a means of exchange but also a means of measuring the value of mens labor. 货币不仅是交换手段，而且是衡量人们劳动价值的手段。(重复连接几个表语的动词) The Congress of the U.S. chose the dollar as the unit of currency and also the decimal system as the basic method of counting. 美国国会选定美元作为货币单位，还选定十进制作为基本的计数方法。(重复连接几个宾语的动词),We talked of ourselves, of our income, of our work, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and hostess. 我们谈到自己，谈到收入，谈到工作，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况一谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。(重复介词前的动词) 下面是一例句，原文中只有一个new但是译文中却重复了四次。 Utility Patents. This is applicable for the invention or creation of a basic new process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. 实用新型专利 此专利适用于新的生产过程、新的产品或新的物质构造方面所作的发明和创造。,(1) 英语中用物主代词his, their, its 等代替句中做主语的名词时，翻译时为了明确起见，往往可以不用代词而重复其做主语的名词。如： Every creditor-bank has its own customers. 各贷款银行有各贷款银行的客户。 Big corporations also have their own troubles. 大公司也有大公司的难处。 (2) 英语中强势关系代词whoever, whichever或关系副词wherever, whenever等翻译时常用重复法处理。如： You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best. 我书架上的小说你最喜欢哪一本就可以借哪一本。,Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free. 你何时有空就何时到我办公室里谈一谈。 (1) 另外，英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种内容上面而不是形式上的重复手段。如： To Tom, the birds sang, the squirrel chatted and the flowers bloomed. 鸟儿向他歌唱，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿为他开放。 这里，原文中的to him没有重复，译文中却以“向他”、“对他”和“为他”重复同一个内容。 为了强调，英语原句中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象。英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。如：,(1) 英语原文中重复的词，有时译成汉语时也同样地要重复。如： The king waited and waited, at last, after a year he could not wait nay longer. (国王等了又等，一年以后，他终于再也等不下去了。) The unemployed stood there, watching the employer go in, come out, come out, go in and never saying any-thing. 这些失业者们站在那里，一言不发，眼巴巴地看着雇主进去出来，出来进去。 此外，英语中对应句的前后两部分中往往有重复的词，译成汉语时，一般可以保持同样的重复。如： Eye for eye, tooth for tooth. 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。 Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。,（2） 英语原文中重复的词，译成汉语时可以用同义词重复法来处理。如： “I know you hate me and I hate you ,we had better part right now”. 我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好即刻就分手吧。 为了使译文生动，英语原文中即没有词的重复现象，翻译时也可采用两个四字成语、重叠词或对偶词组，以增加修辞效果。 (1) 运用两个成语： There had been too much publicity about my economic case. 我的经济案子现已搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,（2） 运用词的重叠： 词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段，古今文章中都有例句，如“青青河畔草，郁郁园中柳”，“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”，“马马虎虎”，“清清楚楚”等。翻译时，适当采用词的重迭，特别是四字重迭词组，可使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。例如： You, too, Good-bye. 彼此彼此，再见 Good-bye 再见。 He was sloppy about the way he stood and sat, that was true. 确确实实，他的站姿和坐相都是随随便便的。,( 3 ) 运用四字对偶词组： 汉语里对偶的四字词组中，前后两对字形成对偶，对偶的前后两对词往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以这也是一种重复。翻译时人们常使用这种重复。如： The girl seemed very shy. 这女孩看来非常腼腆胆怯。 Secrets hidden at the heart of midnight are simply waiting to be dragged to the light as they always are. 事情往往是这样，隐藏在深夜中的秘密迟早会暴露在光天化日之下。,六、分句合句法 (Division and Combination) 分句法就是把原文的一个简单句拆对成两成或两个以上的句子。合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句用一个单句来表达。 分句法 (1) 把原文中某一个单词(形容词、副词、名词等)译成一个句子，原文的一个句子译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如： These men, not surprisingly, did not pay taxes at all. 这些人根本没有交税，这是不足为奇的。(副词),Collecting taxes is the most identified trouble task. 收税是个麻烦的工作，这是大家最容易看出来的。(形容词) He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in anger. 他摇摇头，两眼睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。(名词) (2) 把原文中一个短语、词组等译成句子。 She sat there silently, staring at the window. 她坐在那里默不做声，眼睛凝视着那扇窗子。(分词短语) Microeconomics differ from macroeconomics, an obvious matter. 微观经济学不同于宏观经济学，这是显而易见的道理。(名词短语),Their income changes with their economic system. 他们的经济体制改变了，收入也随之改变。(介词短语) (3) 把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。如： Dont hesitate to ask when you dont understand. 要是不懂的话，你不要迟疑，一定要问个明白。 New price hikes hit L.A. super marketing housewives. 物价再次上涨，洛杉矶购物主妇们的利益受到了损害。 His fury was exaggerated. 他火冒三丈，未免小题大做。,合句法 (1) 把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。如： The dress is very pleasant to look, Its price is really very low. 这件衣服真是物廉。 There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South. 从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。 (2) 把原句中的主从复合句译成一个单词。如： I brought an umbrella because I thought it might rain. 我是怕天下雨才把伞带上的。,When price is go up, I get something more to store in the house. 物价要上涨时我就多买点东西放在家里。 (3) 把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句 He hadnt finished the paper, but eh went to sleep. 他没看完材料就上床睡觉了。 Speak louder, so we can hear you more clearly. 说话大专点好让我们都能听清楚。 Susan played the piano, and then she sang a song. 苏珊了钢琴，又唱了一支歌。,七、被动语态的译法(Passive Form) 英语中被动语态使用的范围很广。当我们不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，常用被动语态。译成汉语时，有时保持原文的被动句式，有时也译成主动句。 译成汉语的主动句 (1(1) 原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语。 This kind of book is sold everywhere. 这种书籍到处都有销售。 The prices were raised sharply in a few days. 几天内物价就大幅度提高了。,(2) 原句中的主语在译文中作宾语 Football is played all over the world. 世界各地都踢足球。 The sunlight and water are needed by plants. 值物需要阳光和水分。 Questions are invited. 欢迎提问题。 (3) 译成带表语的主动句 Inflation is not resisted lightly. 通货膨胀不是那么轻易就能抵制得了的。 Toms bicycle was found in the park. 汤姆的自行车是在公园里找到的。,(4) 常用被动句型翻译 有一类似it作为形式主语的英语被动结构，在翻译时常要改成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。,A 不加主语的 It is reported that 据报导 It is said that It has been announced that 已经宣布 It should be noted that 应当指出 It must be pointed out that 必须指出,It will be seen from this that 由此可见 B加主语的 It is believed that 有人相信 It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知) It was told that 有人曾经说 It will be said that 有人会说,译成汉语的被动句 汉语中常用“被、由、把、受”等语为表达被动形式。 (1) 译成“被”、“给” My abacus was taken away by Mary. 我的算盘被玛丽拿走了。 Checks and money orders perform the function of substitute money and are known as “instruments of credit”. 支票和汇票起到代用货币的作用，并被看作为“信用工具”,(2) 译成“(遭)受”、“挨” These wild roses were destroyed by the deer. 这些野玫瑰都被鹿破坏了。 We were given heartily welcome. 我们受到热烈欢迎。 CPAs are always highly regarded by their clients. 注册公共会计师总是受到委托人的高度重视。 The boy was criticized yesterday. 这孩子昨天挨了一顿批。 (3) 译成“为所” This new idea is now being accepted by more and more people. 这种新观念正为越来越多的人所接受。,I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡片上。 (4) 译成“把”、“使”或“由”等字句。 This payment is called interest by us. 我们把所支付的这笔款项称为利息。 Rice was used as money by the Filipinos for a long time. 菲律宾人曾长期把稻谷用作货币。 Paper notes are issued by governments and authorized banks. 纸币由政府和政府授权的银行发行。,Managerial accounting information is used by insiders than outsiders. 管理会计信息是由内部人员而不是局外人使用的。 ( 5 ) 译成其它字句 The nickel is made of a metal called nickel. 五分镍币是用叫做镍的金属制成的。 She is afraid of being laughed at. 她怕见笑于人。或：她怕被人笑话。,八、从句的译法 (Clauses) 英语从句有名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。名词性从句(Noun Clauses)是在句中起句词作用的主谓结构，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。 主语从句(The Subject Clause) 以what, whatever, whoever 等疑问代词引导的主语从句在翻译时一般按原文顺序翻译。如： What you are doing seems very difficult. 你正在做的事似乎很难。,Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。 Whoever else may object, I shall approve. 不管什么人反对，我都要赞成。 有时主语从句较长，可有it放在句首作形式主语，it不需译出，真正主语提前翻译。 It is very important whether we should maintain our present standard of living. 我们是否该维持我们目前的生活水平，这一点很重要。 It was obvious that I had become the pawn in some sort of top level power play. 很清楚，某些高级人物在玩弄权术，而我却成了他们的工具。,宾语从句 (The Object Clause) 用that, what, when等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它的原句中的顺序。如： We believe that the gains from trade were shared by both parties. 我们相信贸易是互利的。 The difficulty lies in what we should collect next. 困难在于接下来我们该收集什么。 Do you know when the Bank of China was set up？你知道中国银行是什么时候建立的吗？,有时为了保持句子平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句放在后面，汉译时一般按原文顺序，it不译出。如： They want to make it clear to the public that they to an important and necessary job. 他们要向公众表明，他们的工作不但重要，而且是必不可少的。,表语从句(The Predictive Clause) 英语表语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译。如： That was what he wanted. 那正是他想要的。 The fact is that I cannot afford to buy the car at all. 事实是我根本买不起那辆小汽车。 It seems that he has never paid the money. 似乎他从未付那笔钱。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨。,同位语从句 (The Appositive Clause) 同位语从句跟在名词后面，对前面的名词做出进一步的解释。 (1 ) 翻译时将同位语从句提前 The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 他什么也没说，这个事实使大家非常吃惊。 I have no idea when she will be back. 她何时回来，我一无所知。 (2) 翻译时，同位语从句不提前。 We express the hope that they would come and visit China again. 我们表示希望他们再来访问中国。,I made a promise that if anyone should provide capital for starting our business I would pay him double as much. 我曾许下诺言，如果有人肯为我们企业提供资本，我会加倍还钱的。 (3) 翻译时，增加“即”、“认为”等字，或用冒号、破折号分开。 Influenced by these ethics, Anna lived under the delusion that money does not stink受了这种道德观念的熏陶，安娜生活在一种错觉中，以为金钱总是香喷喷的 No one can deny the fact that Harry is the most intelligent student in the class. 没有人能够否认这个事实：哈里是班上最聪明的学生。,There was the possibility that computer-controlled robots do not need to see. 有这么一种可能性用计算机控制的机器人不需要看得见。 定语从句 (The Attributive Clause) 英语中定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。 (1 ) 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起修饰限制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。这类句子翻译时往往可以用前置法、后置法溶合法等。,前置法：把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成简单句。 This is the department store that was built in 1989. 这就是1989年建造的百货公司。 Profit is the surplus which accumulates as a result of productive work. 利润是由于生产性的劳动而积累起来的盈余。 后置法：有时英语定语从句的结构比较复杂，译成汉语前置定语就显得太长而且不符合汉语表达习惯，这时可以译成后置的并列分句。,They used the capital to pay for the accommodation, machinery and other items which the business needs. 他们使用这些资本支付房屋、设备、机器和其它项目，而这些项目都是企业所必需的。(重复英语先行词) They are striving for the ideal which is closed to the heart of every Chinese. 他们正为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的。(重复英语先行词) A good deal went on in the steppe which her father did not know. 草原上发生了许多事情，她父亲并不知道。,溶合法：是指原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立句子女的一种翻译方法。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。 There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Jackson. 另外一个似乎胸有成竹，那就是杰克逊。 另外，翻译时还可将主句压缩成汉语词组做主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。 “We are a nation that must beg to stay alive”, said a foreign economist. 一个外国经济学家道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”,(2) 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，只对它加以描写、叙述或解释。翻译这类从句时也可以既运用前置法又使用后置法。 前置法：一些较短面具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，常可译成带“的”字的前置定语。 The overcoat, for which she paid $60, was very fashionable. 她花费60美元买来的这件外衣很时髦。,They plan a variety of activities, which supervisors can participate in. 他们安排了各种管理人员都能参加的活动。 But Mr. Jones laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence. 但琼斯先生的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。 后置汉