《化学史》——10部分国际大奖和著名科学家简介.ppt

部分国际大奖,诺贝尔生平,我的整个遗产不动产部分可作如下处理：由指定遗嘱执行人进行安全可靠的投资，并作为一笔基金，其利息每年以奖金形式分发给那些在前一年中对人类作出较大贡献的人。奖金分为五份，其处理是：一部分给在物理学领域内有重要发现或发明的人；一部分给在化学上有重要发现或改进的人；一部分给在生理学及医学上有重要发现或发明的人；一部分给在文学领域内有理想倾向的杰出著作的人；还有一部分给在促进民族友爱、取消或裁减军队、支持和平事业上作出了许多或杰出贡献的人。物理学及化学奖应由斯德哥尔摩瑞典皇家科学院颁发，生理学及医学奖由卡罗琳医学研究院颁发，文学奖由斯德哥尔摩文学院颁发，和平奖由挪威国会选派5人组成的委员会颁发。我衷心希望在颁发奖金时，要严格审查谁最应得奖，而不要考虑受奖人的国籍，不要考虑是否属纳维亚血统。 巴黎，1895年11月27日 艾尔弗雷德伯恩哈德诺贝尔（签名）,诺贝尔遗嘱,1965年Nobel基金会增设经济学奖 评定办法： 每年9月份由委员会拟定提名人名单并发出邀请。有提名资格的人员包括： Nobel奖委员会成员 瑞典皇家科学院院士或卡罗林外科医学院教授 学科以前的获奖人 斯堪迪纳维亚各学院的著名教授 有关研究机构的专家 世界知名学者 前四种人有永久提名权，后两种人每年更新,提名截至日期1月31日 被提名者被提名时和获奖时必须在世 二月份开始由委员会评选，完全保密 直到十月份公布最后名单才通知获奖人 每年12月10日下午四点三十分授奖,诺贝尔化学奖拾趣,获奖人数，自1901年至1986年共有19个国家的105位化学家获奖。 获奖最多的年龄阶段，在5059岁之间获奖的化学家有41位，居首位；其次是4049岁年龄段，共有28人获奖。 获奖最多的化学家的国籍，美籍化学家获奖人数最多，有32位，其次是德国，24人获奖。 获奖化学家的性别，男性102人，女性3人。3位女性化学家是：居里夫人、伊伦一约里奥一居里(居里夫人的长女)及英国的多萝西霍奇金。 两次获奖者，截止1986年，在105位获奖者中，只有一人唯一得过两次化学奖，他是英国的弗雷德里克桑格。1958年和1980年分别获奖。,诺贝尔化学奖拾趣,年龄最大和最小者，前联邦德国的格奥尔维蒂希在82岁时(1979年)获奖。这是获奖者中最年长的一位。法国的约里奥一后里(居里夫人的女婿)在35岁时与妻子伊伦共同荣获1935年的化学奖，成为迄今为止，最年轻的化学奖获得者。这也是目前唯一的一对夫妻双双获化学奖者。 中断发奖的年份，1940、1941、1942年因战争未评奖，1916、1917、1919、1924、1933年也未评奖，原因不详。 发奖遇到的麻烦，1939年，希特勒强迫德国科学家查德库赫恩和阿道夫布泰纳恩德特放弃化学奖，盖尔哈德。多马克放弃医学奖。,2005 YVES CHAUVIN, ROBERT H. GRUBBS , and RICHARD R. SCHROCK for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. 2004 AARON CIECHANOVER, AVRAM HERSHKO , and IRWIN ROSE for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation 2003 The prize is being awarded for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes with one half of the prize to: PETER AGRE, for the discovery of water channels and the other half of the prize to: RODERICK MACKINNON for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.,2002 The prize is being awarded for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules with one half jointly to: JOHN B. FENN, and KOICHI TANAKA, for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules and the other half to: KURT WTHRICH for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution. 2001 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, and RYOJI NOYORI, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions and the other half to: K. BARRY SHARPLESS for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions. 2000 ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. 1999 AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.,1998 The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. 1997 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase. 1996 ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes. 1995 PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. 1994 GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.,1993 The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between: KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. and MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies. 1992 RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems. 1991 RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1990 ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis. 1989 SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA. 1988 JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre. 1987 DONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PED