（江苏专用）2019年高中英语Unit4BehindbeliefsSectionⅣGrammar.docx

Section Grammar & Writing复杂句子的分析在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的复杂句子。由于长难句所表达的内容更为丰富、复杂，因此往往不易理解。长难句之所以难理解是因为它们含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。因此，只要理清这些成分，抓住句子的关键部分，问题就会迎刃而解。句子的类型分析步骤简单句确定主谓结构确定宾语(宾语补足语)确定定语和状语等次要成分并列句找出并列连词，把全句分解为若干个分句按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意把全句综合考虑复合句找出从句并确定主句确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构点津在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意以下几点：(1)是否有同位语和插入语(2)是否有省略、倒装、分隔等现象(3)注意替代词的所指对象(4)在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象(5)在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语(单个词、短语或从句)究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语(6)非谓语动词短语在句中作次要成分(定语和状语)一、结构复杂的简单句The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach an agreement.做这件事最常用的步骤是谈判，一种想要达成一致的交流的行为。本句中，过去分词短语 intended to reach an agreement 是 the act of communication 的后置定语； the act of communication intended to reach an agreement 是negotiation 的同位语，对 negotiation 进一步解释说明。二、并列句Just at that moment, the school bell began to ring and the children all came out to play.正在那时，学校的铃响了，孩子们都跑出来玩耍。全句是一个并列句，由 and 连接。在前面的分句中， just at that moment 为介词短语作时间状语， to ring 作 began 的宾语；在后面的分句中， to play 为不定式作目的状语。三、复合句及多重复合句If Mars surface once had water, there were possibilities for it to support life, although members of the European Project have said that it remains too early to draw conclusions.如果火星表面曾经有过水，就可能有过生命，尽管这个欧洲项目的成员说现在下结论还为时过早。此句中主句为 there were possibilities for it to support life, 前面由 if 引导一个条件状语从句，后面由 although 引导一个让步状语从句，而且在让步状语从句中包含一个由 that 引导的宾语从句。四、并列复合句We are pleased that much is changing in China for the better and we are happy to be part of this renewal process by what we teach our students.我们对中国有很大的变化感到高兴，并且很高兴通过我们的教学对这一振兴进程有所贡献。本句为并列复合句。and 之前为一个分句，中间又包含 that 引导的宾语从句； and 之后为另一个分句，中间包含一个不定式短语和 by 构成的介词短语，介词短语中又包含 what 引导的一个宾语从句。.句型转换1The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.(改为复合句)It_is_said_that_the_novel_has_been_translated_into_many_languages.2He is always ready to help others; this makes his parents very proud.(改为复合句)He_is_always_ready_to_help_others,_which_makes_his_parents_very_proud.3Can you give the book to the girl who is dressed in red？(改为简单句)Can_you_give_the_book_to_the_girl_(dressed)_in_red?4He went back, hungry and tired.(改为并列句)He_went_back_and_he_was_hungry_and_tired.5If you work hard, youll make it.(改为并列句)Work_hard_and_youll_make_it.6He had to walk home because his bike was stolen.(改为含有 with 复合结构的简单句)With_his_bike_stolen,_he_had_to_walk_home.7It was said that he had gone abroad.(改为简单句)He_was_said_to_have_gone_abroad.8Mr. Johnson will leave our school. He is a teacher of history.(合并成一个简单句)Mr._Johnson,_a_teacher_of_history,_will_leave_our_school.单项填空1(2012新课标全国卷)You have to move out of the way _ the truck cannot get past you.AsoBorCand Dbut解析：选B。考查并列连词。句意：你必须让让路，否则那辆卡车没法从你这过去。or“否则”，此处连接一个并列句。2(2012全国卷)I had hardly got to the office _ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.Awhen BthanCuntil Dafter解析：选A。考查固定结构。句意：我刚到办公室，我妻子就打电话让我立刻回家。本句是“hardly .when .”结构，表示“刚就”。 3(2012四川高考)This training program can give you a lift at work, _ increase your income by 40%.Aas well as Bso long asCso much as Das soon as解析：选A。考查介词as构成的短语的用法。A项意为“除之外(还有)；和”；B项意为“只要”；C项意为“与一样多”(不用于肯定句)；D项意为“一就”。句意：这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外，还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。4(2011湖南高考)Jack wasnt saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him _ he had done something very clever. Aas if Bin case Cwhile Dthought 解析：选A。考查状语从句。 as if 意为“ 似乎， 好像”， 引导方式状语从句。句意：Jack 什么也没说，但老师向他笑了笑，好像他做了件聪明的事情一样。5She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.Awhich BwhereCwhat Dwho解析：选A。考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere 与修饰它的定语从句被 for her students 隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用 which引导。 6The shocking news made me realize _ terrible problems we would face.Awhat BhowCthat Dwhy解析：选A。考查名词性从句。句意：这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。结合句意可知答案为A，此处what 引导的宾语从句是一个感叹句。7Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.Awhat BwhichCthat Dwhere解析：选C。考查同位语从句。句意：现代科学有充分的证据表明吸烟会导致多种疾病。结合句意和句子成分可知该句不缺少句子成分，故用that 引导，解释说明evidence 的内容。8(2011山东高考)Weve offered her the job, but I dont know_shell accept it.Awhere BwhatCwhether Dwhich解析：选C。考查宾语从句。句意：我们已经给她提供了一份工作，但是不知道她是否接受，故选whether，意为“是否”。9_ was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise _ he would give each of us a small gift.AAs; which BWhat; thatCIt; that DIt; which解析：选C。句意：众所周知，约翰逊没能遵守他给我们每人一份小礼物的承诺。第一个空 it 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that Johnson .; 第二空 that 引导的是同位语从句，用以解释 promise 的内容。10 Did you stay up last night? Not very late. It was half past eleven _ I went to bed.Awhen BwhereCbefore Dsince解析：选A。句意：“你昨天晚上熬夜了吗？”“不晚，我睡觉的时候十一点半。” when 当的时候，引导时间状语从句，符合题意。 where 引导地点状语从句； before “在之前”； since “自从”。11Many children, the parents of _ are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.Atheir BwhoseCthem Dwhom解析：选D。句意：很多孩子在这个村里都得到了很好的照顾，他们的父母远在大城市里打工。先行词是 children, 代入定语从句后为：Many childrens parents are away working in big cities . 由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作定语，故用 whose 引导，而 whose parents the parents of whom。12 _ I remind you of is to return the book to our English teacher. I will give it to him _ I see him.AWhat; the momentBThat; immediatelyCWhat; whileDWhether; once解析：选A。句意：“我想提醒你的是把书还给我们的英语老师。”“我一见他就还给他。” what 引导主语从句，在从句中作 of 的宾语，意为“我所想提醒你的是”； the moment immediately “一就”。13_ I saw her, she was a baby in her mothers arms; now she has grown into a charming girl.AThe next time BThe first timeCEvery time DAny time解析：选B。考查名词短语充当连词引导状语从句。根据第二个分句“她已长成一个迷人的女孩了”，可知前句应为“第一次见到她时，她还是个婴儿”。 the first time “第一次”； every time “每一次”； any time “任何时候”； (the) next time “下次”。14Napoleons story proves that to be a hero has nothing to do with size, _ with a smart mind and a brave heart.Aand BsoCor Dbut解析：选D。句意：拿破仑的故事证明，成为英雄与个头大小没有关系，却与是否有敏锐的思维、英勇的心有关系。本题考查 not . but 结构， 题干中的 nothing 相当于 not anything。15He is a nice listener, _ he feels the time is right he will give you his thoughts.Auntil Bafter whichCif Dand when解析：选D。句意：他是一个不错的倾听者，在合适的时候他会告诉你他的想法。本句为由 and 连接的并列句，第二个并列句中又包含一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句。英文故事假设下面六幅图画描述的是你在5月3日(星期五)的一段亲身经历。请你根据画面所示内容，用英语写一篇150词左右的日记。I was on my way to the cinema this afternoon when I happened to see a case fall off a mans bike. I shouted at him the moment I picked it up, but he was riding too fast to hear me.I was wondering what I should do when an idea suddenly struck me. I stopped a taxi as quickly as I could so as to catch up with the man. Luckily, I caught up with him at last and gave the case back to him. Getting the case back from me, the man was so grateful to me that he insisted on offering me some money as a reward. But I refused him politely.With the help of the driver, I went back to the cinema. When I was paying him, he pushed my hand away and said with a smile, “Never will I accept your money.”,第一段：交代了事情发生的时间、地点和人物。第二段：介绍了追赶失主的详细过程。第三段：介绍了司机不收车费，含蓄地表达了故事的意义。本文覆盖了所有的要点，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，并且句式灵活多变，有时间状语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词、倒装句。再者，短语的运用也很广泛。尤其是 happen to see, strike sb. so grateful to 等短语的运用，使上下文衔接自然，语句表达地道得体。英文故事属于中学英语书面表达重要教学内容，也是高考英语书面表达重要考点，写作时应注意以下几点：1以时间为线索，交代故事发生的过程。英文故事属记叙文，因此应以时间顺序为线索交代故事的发生、发展和结局。2熟悉特色语言，提高文章的可读性。英文故事的语言有很强的特色，具有明显的规范性。3用好过渡性词汇，提高文章的连贯性。英文故事属记叙文，因此应着重用好表示时间变换及顺序变换的过渡性词汇。4正确把握时态，提高语言的准确性。英文故事往往介绍过去发生的事，因此应用一般过去时。在介绍从故事中可以吸取的教训时，常用一般现在时表达，这是一种特殊情况。1故事发生：happen to sb. (发生在某人身上), break out (灾难发生), meet with (遭遇，遇到), fall down (倒塌)2参加活动： pay a visit to (参观), on ones way to (在某人去的途中)3战胜困难： overcome difficulty (克服困难), put out the fire (灭火); teach sb. a lesson, give sb. a lesson (给人教训)4过渡词汇：one day, one morning/afternoon/evening/ night, in the mor