人机交互复习题及答案.doc

1. whats your body information input and output channel? Answer: visual视觉的 , auditory听觉的 , haptic触觉的, movement 2. information how to store in your memory?Answer: sensory, short-term, long-term3. what are males and females color bind?(p6)Answer; 8% males and 1% females colour blind4. what dose reading involves?Answer: saccades and fixation5. how negative contract improves reading?6. Answer: Negative contrast负反差 improves reading from computer screen7. what functions outer ear, middle ear has?Answer: outer earprotects inner and amplifies sound （amplify mplifai vt. 放大，扩大；增强；详述）middle eartransmits sound waves asvibrations to inner ear8. what frequencies humans can hear?Answer：20Hz to 15kHz9. what touch provides can do?Answer: Provides important feedback fi:dbk n. 反馈；回复；成果，资料 about environment10. where receptors receive stimulus stimjuls n. 刺激；激励；刺激物?Answer: Stimulus received via receptors感觉器官 in the skin:11. some areas more sensitive than others eg?answer： fingers12. which three types of memory function?Answer: Sensory memories、Short-term memory or working memory、Long-term memory13. decay information row to lost?Answer: information is lost gradually but very slowly14. what is recognition?Answer: information gives knowledge that it has been seen before less complex than recall - information is cue线索 15. what is abductive reasoning?(33)answer: reasoning from event to cause unreliable16. what is problem solving?(p34)Answer: Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task using knowledge 17.what is slip?(p37) Answer:right intention, but failed to do it right17. what is mistakes?(p38) Answer: wrong intention18. what negative affect can do?(p39)Answer: Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks19. what positive affect can do?(p39)Answer: positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks20. what is implications for interface design?(p40)Answer: relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in designstress will increase the difficulty of problem solvingaesthetically有审美能力地 pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect21. what will aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interface do?(p40)Answer:aesthetically有审美能力地 pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect22. what advantages dvorak have? Why can not be popular?(p13)Answer:common letters under dominant fingersbiased towards right handcommon combinations of letters alternate between hands10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigueBut - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market pressures not to change23. what is speech recognition语音辨识problem?(p18)answer：Problems with（1）external noise interfering（2）imprecision of pronunciation（3）large vocabularies（4）different speakers25.why mouse use so popular?(p21)answer: very common and easy to use24. how does mouse work?(p27p23)answer: Two methods for detecting motion Mechanical Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved Rotates orthogonal potentiometers Can be used on almost any flat surface Optical light emitting diode on underside of mouse may use special grid-like pad or just on desk less susceptible to dust and dirt detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate relative motion in (x, z) plane25. what is touchpad?Answer: small touch sensitive tablets26. what is trackball?(p27)answer: ball is rotated inside static housing、like an upsdie down mouse!27. what is cursor keys layout on your computer?(p32)answer: Four keys (up, down, left, right) on keyboard.28. where LCD used for? Giving some example?(p42)answer; also used in dedicted displays:digital watches, mobile phones, HiFi controls29. giving some large display technology example?(44)answer: plasma ,video walls , projected(放映)，back-projected(幕后放映)30. what is kind of display the location matters?Answer：displays in public places、large or small、very public or for small group、display onlyfor information relevant to locationor interactive 、use stylus, touch sensitive screemin all cases the location matters meaning of information or interaction is related to the location31. giving example on positioning in 3D space?(48)answer: a、cockpit and virtual controls b、the 3D mouse c、data glove d、whole body tracking32. what is VR motion sickness?(p52)answer: 1.time delay2.depth perception3.conflicting cues33. what is dedicated displays?(p55)answer: 1.analogue repeserentations(相似的表达法)2.digital displays3.head-up display34. giving some sounds example ?where they are used for?(p56)answer：1.beer（哗哗声），bongs（鼓声），clonks（叮当声），Whistles and whirrs（呼呼声）2.user for error indication35. what made the images?(p62)answer: dots36. how many types of dot-base printers?(p63)answer:1.dot-matrix printers2.ink-jet and bubble-jet printers3.laser printers37. give an example for thermal printers?(p64)answer:fax machines38. in text ,where are lowercase and upper case used for?(p67)answer: lowercase easy to read shape of words UPPERCASE better for individual letters and non-words39. serif fonts and sans serif fonts used for?(p67)answer: serif fonts help you ayes on long line printed text ,but sans serif often better on screen40. what means WYSIWYCT?(P69)answer: what are you see is what you get41. what is scanners function?Answer: take paper convert it into a bitmap bit,mp n. 位图，位映像42. what is moores law ?(p86)answer: computers get faster and faster!43. what is interaction?(p11)answer: communication between computer and user44. what is virtual memory?(p79)answer: store some programs temporarily on disk45. what is ergonomics,:unmiks n. 工效学；人类工程学?(p11)answer:1.Study of the physical characteristics of interaction2.Also known as human factors but this can also be used to mean much of HCI!46. what does ergonomics good at?Answer: Ergonomics good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems 47.what is common interaction styles?Answer: command line interface menus natural language question/answer and query dialogue form-fills and spreadsheets WIMP point and click threedimensional interfaces47. what is menus?Answer: Set of options displayed on the screen48. what is the most common spread sheets today?Answer: first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1-2-3MS Excel most common today49. what is the WIMP interface?Answer: window,icon,meus,pointers50. what is icon?Answer: small picture or image represents some object in the interface51. what is drop-down mean?Answer; drop-down menu - mouse click reveals menu52. what is menus design issues?answer:a、which kind to use b、what to include in menus at allC、words to use (action or description)d、how to group items e、choice of keyboard accelerators1. Human and computerHuman:The human who can input 、 output 、store、 process and apply information。Each person is different and emotion can influence human capabilities.Computer:The computer is a machine that can help people process many problems. A computer system is made up of various elements which includes input devices、output devices、 virtual reality、 physical interaction、paper、 memory 、 processing and each of them can affect the interaction.2. Reading and hearingReading:Reading involves saccades and fixations during which the perception occurs and it also involves several stages: first of all: visual pattern perceived. The second: decoded using internal representation of language. The last: interpreted using knowledge of syntax, semantics, pragmatics. Word shape and negative contrast improves reading form computer screen.Hearing: Humans can hear frequencies from 20Hz to 15kHz. Hearing influenced by the environment which includes distances, directions, objects and physical apparatus which includes outer ear, middle ear, inner ear and sound which includes pitch, loudness, timbre.3. Touch and movementTouch:Touch provides important feedback 反馈 about environment. Touch may be key sense for someone who is visually impaired损害 .Stimulus刺激 received via经过 receptors感受器 in the skin。Some areas more sensitive than others like fingers.Movement:Time taken to respond to stimulus：reaction time + movement time Movement time dependent on age, fitness etc. Reaction time - dependent on stimulus type:visual 200ms、auditory 150 ms、pain 700msIncreasing reaction time decreases accuracy in the unskilled operator but not in the skilled operator.4.Keyboard and mouseKeyboard:Most common text input device Allows rapid entry of text by experienced users Keypress closes connection, causing a character code to be sent Usually connected by cable, but can be wirelessMouse:Handheld pointing device very common easy to use Two characteristics planar movement buttons(usually from 1 to 3 buttons on top, used for making a selection, indicating an option, or to initiate drawing etc.)Mouse located on desktop requires physical space no arm fatigueRelative movement only is detectable.Movement of mouse moves screen cursorScreen cursor oriented in (x, y) plane,mouse movement in (x, z) plane an indirect manipulation device. device itself doesnt obscure screen, is accurate and fast. hand-eye coordination problems for novice users5.Input devices and output devicesInput device：keyboards (QWERTY et al.)、chord keyboards, phone pads、handwriting, speech Output devices:bitmap screens (CRT & LCD)、large & situated displays、digital paper6.Touchpad and joystickTouchpad: 1、small touch sensitive tablets 2、stroke to move mouse pointer3、used mainly in laptop computers 4、good acceleration settings important fast stroke lots of pixels per inch moved initial movement to the target slow stroke less pixels per inch for accurate positioningJoystick: indirectpressure of stick = velocity of movement buttons for selection on top or on front like a trigger often used for computer gamesaircraft controls and 3D navigation4. Audio and videoAudio:Video:8. Lowercase and uppercase Lowercase: Uppercase:9,。Menus and iconsMenus: Set of options displayed on the screen Options visible less recall - easier to use rely on recognition so names should be meaningful Selection by: numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse combination (e.g. mouse plus accelerators) Often options hierarchically grouped sensible grouping is needed Restricted form of full WIMP system Icons: small picture or image represents some object in the interface often a window or action windows can be closed down (iconised) small representation many accessible windows icons can be many and various highly stylized realistic representations.9. CRT and LCD10. bitmap screens (CRT & LCD)11. CRT: Health hazards of CRT ! X-rays: largely absorbed by screen (but not at rear!) UV- and IR-radiation from phosphors: insignificant levels Radio frequency emissions, plus ultrasound (16kHz) Electrostatic field - leaks out through tube to user. Intensity dependant on distance and humidity. Can cause rashes. Electromagnetic fields (50Hz-0.5MHz). Create induction currents in conductive materials, including the human body. Two types of effects attributed to this: visual system - high incidence of cataracts in VDU operators, and concern over reproductive disorders (miscarriages and birth defects). LCD: 11. Mechanical mouse and optical mouseMechanical mouse:Two methods for detecting motion Mechanical Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved Rotates orthogonal potentiometers Can be used on almost any flat surfaceOptical mouse: Optical light emitting diode on underside of mouse may use special grid-like pad or just on desk less susceptible to dust and dirt detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate relative motion in (x, z) plane12. QWERTY keyboard and Dvorak keyboardQwerty keyboard: Standardised layout but non-alphanumeric keys are placed differently accented symbols needed for different scripts minor differences between UK and USA keyboards QWERTY arrangement not optimal for typing layout to prevent typewriters jamming! Alternative designs allow faster typing but large social base of QWERTY typists produces reluctance to change.Dvorak keyboard: Dvorak common letters under dominant fingers biased towards right hand common combinations of letters alternate between hands 10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigue But - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market pressures not to changeWrite about 10 sentences for each question Explain the types of memory: short term and long termspeed, capacity, compressionformats, accessShort-term Memory - RAM Random access memory (RAM) on silicon chips 100 nano-second access time usually volatile (lose information if power turned off) data transferred at around 100 Mbytes/sec Some non-volatile RAM used to store basic set-up information Typical desktop computers:64 to 256 Mbytes RAMLong-term Memory - disks magnetic disks floppy disks store around 1.4 Mbytes hard disks typically 40 Gbytes to 100s of Gbytesaccess time 10ms, transfer rate 100kbytes/s optical disks use lasers to read and sometimes write more robust that magnetic media CD-ROM- same technology as home audio, 600 Gbytes DVD - for AV applications, or very large files Blurring boundaries PDAs often use RAM for their main memory Flash-Memory used in PDAs, cameras etc. silicon based but persistent plug-in USB devices for data transferspeed and capacity what do the numbers mean? some sizes (all uncompressed) this book, text only 320,000 words, 2Mb the Bible 4.5 Mbytes scanned page 128 Mbytes (11x8 inches, 1200 dpi, 8bit greyscale) digital photo 10 Mbytes (24 mega pixels, 24 bit colour) video 10 Mbytes per second (512x512, 12 bit colour, 25 frames per sec)virtual memory Problem: running lots of programs + each program large not enough RAM Solution - Virtual memory : store some programs temporarily on disk makes RAM appear bigger But swopping program on disk needs to run again copied from disk to RAM s l o w s t h i n g s d o w nExplain the types of errors; Types of errorslips right intention, but failed to do it right causes: poor physical skill,inattention etc. change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slipmistakes wrong intention cause: incorrect understanding humans create mental models to explain behaviour. if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occurExplain emotion concepts: Various theories of how emotion works James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect Affect influences how we respond to situations positive creative problem solving negative narrow thinking“Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do diffic