英语教学理论与方法.ppt

英语教学理论与方法9,Lesson Planning,一、Why is lesson planning important?,1、Common misconception (P.52) 2、 Beneficial to English teachers in a number of ways and of other ways. P.53,What is lesson planning?,Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.,Why is lesson planning necessary for a teacher before his/ her teaching? How do teachers benefit from proper lesson planning? In how many ways do language teachers benefit from lesson planning?,What factors influence a lesson?,There are 4 factors: Physical conditions: Class size: affects types of activities Length of a lesson: determine how much can be taught Size of classroom: restricts some types of activities Teaching aids: sufficient or not Time of day: influences the types of activities used (p.m. or a.m.),Human factors: Different personalities of teachers decide different styles of teaching Varied needs and attitudes of students The students language level The students learning background,Change of the syllabus and textbooks Teaching system: Meets the needs of the institutions and examinations A good lesson begins with a good lesson plan to some extent. That is, good lesson planning is a beginning of your success in your classroom teaching.,二、Principles for good lesson planning. (P.53-54),1、Aim 2、Variety 3、Flexibility 4、Learnability 5、Linkage,What does a lesson plan consist of?,1）the objective of the lesson, 2）classroom aids required, procedures, 3）language contents and skills, 4）problems and solutions, 5）evaluation and so on.,What are the principles for good lesson planning?,1） aim 2） variety 3） flexibility 4） learnability 5） linkage,三、Macro planning vs. micro planning(P.54-55),1、Macro planning: planning for a month, a term or the whole course, involving four points knowing about the course, knowing about the institution, knowing about the learners, knowing about the syllabus or the curriculum. 2、Micro planning: planning for a specific lesson, lasting 40 or 50 minutes.,What is macro planning and what is micro planning? And what is the difference between them?,What does macro planning involve?,Knowing about: the course the institutions learners syllabus But in practice, we dont often have such a macro plan in written form. We usually have:, A progress chart a teaching plan lesson plans It also can be illustrated as the following: General planning Medium planning Specific planning We can also describe it in this way: A book/Books A unit A lesson,All above must be in written form. But for an experienced teacher, lesson plans can be a bit brief; for a novice, its necessary and important to write out lesson plans in every detail. There is no other better way to go. A clear and detailed lesson plan can always help beginners create a purposeful, interesting and motivating lesson.,四、Components of a lesson plan(P.55-57),1、Teaching aims 2、Language contents and skills 3、Teaching stages and procedures,What does a lesson plan include?,At least, it may have the following components: Teaching aims Language contents and skills Teaching stages and procedures,What does the teaching aim of a lesson include?,How to describe teaching aims: (Task 4 p.57),Language skills: Students are able to introduce themselves in Englishtelling others about their names, telephone numbers, addresses, and where they are from, etc. Students are able to find out information about other people in English. Students are able to make an ID card for themselves in English. Affective attitudes: Students are able to talk confidently and politely with strangers. Communicative strategy: Students are able to ask other people to clarify if they do not undersatand it. Cultural factor: Students are able to understand the difference of place between Chinese last names and English last names.,通过对课型（此处为“对话”）的判断，确定语言技能为“听说”，但又不是笼统的“听说”，而是要与具体的话题或功能相联系，即“telling others about their names, telephone numbers, addresses, and where they are from, etc”，“finding out information about other people in English” 以及“making an ID card for themselves in English”。情感态度、文化因素和交际技能更是隐含在语言材料之中，有时需要借助于语言内容的分析才能得以明确。中观层面的分析是确定语言技能目标的基础，但需要微观层面分析支撑，尤其是话题和功能。所以，中观层面和微观层面是一个有机连续体。,What do language contents mean and what do language skills mean?,The former means: vocabulary, structures (grammar), grammar, functions, topics and so on; the latter means: 4 communicative skills In language teaching, it is important for the teacher to know exactly what language contents will be taught and what language skills will be practiced in the lesson. Language contents: structures (grammar), vocabulary, functions, topics and so on. Language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.,What is the difference between teaching stages and teaching procedures?,Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom. Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage. The most popular teaching stages are three Ps model, which include presentation, practice and production.,In reading lessons, we apply another 3-stage model, what are they?,3-stage model in reading/listening lessons: Pre-reading/ listening, while-reading/ listening and post-reading/listening,五、 Sample lesson plans (PP.61-65),Generally speaking, lesson plans can be designed in two forms: A: items B. diagram,Sample 1 & Sample 2 (In items) Sample 3 (In diagram),Lesson Plan,(Title) (Class/Grade/School/Date) Teaching aims (language components and communicative skills) Teaching important/ difficult language points Teaching methods Teaching time arrangement Teaching aids Teac