轻型木结构轻木构件.ppt

加拿大木业协会设计师培训班第一阶段 轻型木结构Canada Wood Level 1 - Wood-Frame Construction,构件设计 Framing Components Herbert Otto B. Arch., MRAIC,锯材 Sawn Timber 胶合材 Plywood,轻型木结构房屋使用不同的木产品 A Variety of Wood Products are Used to Frame a House,木基结构材 Wood Based Building Materials,规格材 Dimensioned framing lumber 轻型木结构使用标准的规格材（软木） Standard dimension softwood lumber used in wood-frame construction 名义尺寸 Nominal dimensions 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8,2x10,2x12 实际尺寸 Actual dimensions 1 ”x 1 ” (38mm x 38mm) 1 ”x 2 ” (38mm x 64mm) 1 ”x 3 ” (38mm x 89mm) 1 ”x 5 ” (38mm x 140mm) 1 ”x 7 ” (38mm x 184mm) 1 ”x 9 ” (38mm x 235mm) 1 ”x 11 ” (38mm x 235mm) 长度 Lengths 从2.4m到7.3m，每级增加600mm Increments of 2 feet (600mm) from 8 ft (2.4 m) to 24 ft (7.3 m),木基结构材 Wood Based Building Materials,板材 Boards 标准尺寸的软木板材 Standard sizes of softwood lumber boards 名义尺寸 Nominal dimensions 1x2 1x3 1x4 1x6 1x8 实际尺寸 Actual dimensions ” x 1 ” (19mm x 38mm) ” x 2 ” (19mm x 64mm) ” x 3 ” (19mm x 89mm) ” x 5 ” (19mm x 140mm) ” x 7 ” (19mm x 184mm),框架用木材 Framing Lumber,用于轻型木结构的软木树种 Species of softwood lumber used in wood frame construction 花旗松 Douglas Fir 西部落叶松 Western Larch 西部铁杉 Western Hemlock 云杉 Spruce 松 Pine 冷衫 Fir 材性接近的树种放在一起使用 Species with similar characteristics given commercial group designations 云杉-松-冷杉 SprucePineFir S-P-F 花旗松-落叶松 Douglas Fir-Larch D. Fir-L 铁杉-冷杉 Hemlock-Fir Hem-Fir 指接材 Finger Jointed Lumber 较短的材料，如38x89 和 38x140指接在一起形成较长的材料 Short lengths of 38x89 and 38x140 (2x4 and 2x6) joined to form longer pieces. 用于墙骨柱 Used for studs 没有翘曲 Does not warp 材料利用率高 Efficient use of materials,规格材分等 Grading Lumber,加拿大的规格材有目测分等和机械分等(MSR) Lumber in Canada visually graded or machine stress rated (MSR) 分等依据 Select structural 高强度 Highest strength 良好的外观 Best appearance 一等 Number 1 和上述分等依据相似，但允许出现更大的结疤 Similar to select structural but larger knots 二等 Number 2 和一等的强度分等相似，但外观稍差 Similar strength to number 1 but not as good visual appearance 三等 Number 3 大量用于施工，外观没有要求 Widely used in construction where appearance is not a factor,规格材分等 Grading Lumber,墙骨柱等级 Stud Grade 2x4和2x6的墙骨柱用于承受竖向荷载 2x4 and 2x6 rated for vertical loading 施工级材和标准级材用于结构构件 Construction grade and standard grade used for structural applications 实用级和经济级材用于非结构构件 Utility grade and economy grade for non-structural applications,分等机构 Grading Agency,生产厂代码 Mill designation,树种 Species Group,含水率 Moisture Content,指定的等级 Assigned Grade,分等认证章 Grading Stamps,规格材每600mm有一个分等认证章 Grading stamps are placed on lumber every 600mm (2 ft.) 只有经认证的机构才能敲章 Only issued by accredited associations or agencies,根据树种，木材被锯成标准尺寸，并按照指定的产品强度和性能进行分等 Lumber is sorted by species, sawn into standard sizes and is graded which results in a predictable product with known strength and performance characteristics,加拿大轻型木结构 Canadian Wood Frame Housing,木基覆面板材 Wood Based Sheathings,在轻型木结构中广泛使用，也可以和轻型钢结构一起使用 Widely used in wood-frame construction and in combination with steel framing 墙骨柱、搁栅和椽条之间的跨度 Spans between studs, joists and rafters 可以提高墙体、楼盖和屋顶抵抗振动、静荷以及地震作用的能力 Contributes to racking, load bearing and earthquake resistance of wall, floor and roof assemblies,用于楼盖、墙体和屋面的胶合板 Plywood Floor , Wall and Roof Sheathing,覆面板材料由薄木片胶合成 Panel material made of thin wood veneers 良好的双向强度和刚度，抵抗冲击破坏和受潮时的尺寸变形 Excellent two way strength and stiffness, resistance to impact damage and dimensional stability when wet 采用企口板以保证楼面的平整和连续性，并考虑是否需要使用填块 T&G used to a ensure continuous flat floor and eliminate need for blocking. 保证平滑的表面，可以铺地毯或者其他的地面做法Provides smooth surface for carpeting and resilient flooring. 根据结构需要，为了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆面板厚度Thicker floor sheathing for increased structural support required for ceramic tile,Courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council,定向刨花板 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Sheathing,定向刨花板采用速生材锯末、碎屑等细料胶合而成，其速生材可以用杨树和白杨 Panel material made from adhesive and strands, flakes or wafers produced from small diameter logs of fast growing species such as Poplar and Aspen. 墙体、楼盖和屋顶也可以使用相近厚度的胶合板 Wall, floor and roof sheathing with similar thicknesses a plywood. 可以参考结构板材协会的网站获得技术资料和正确的安装步骤 Refer to Structural Board Association for web site for technical information and correct installation procedures,Courtesy of the Structural Board Association,其它覆面板产品 Other Sheathing Products,沥青基防火板 Asphalt impregnated fibre board 沥青处理过的石膏板 Asphalt treated gypsum board (gyplap) 内墙用石膏板 Interior gypsum board 刚性保温覆面板 Rigid insulation sheathings 聚苯乙烯挤塑板 Extruded polystyrene 发泡聚苯乙烯板 Expanded polystyrene 多异氰脲酸酯 板 Polyisocyanurate 水泥板 Cement board,工程木产品 Engineered Wood Products,搁栅、梁和框架构件可以用规格材、木纤维或刨花合成材 Joists, beams and framing made from dimension lumber, wood fibres or strands held together with a binder. 保护森林资源 Conserves forest resources 降低建筑浪费 Reduces construction waste 实现更大的建筑净跨 Allows longer clear spans 类型 Types 木工字型搁栅 Wood I joists 平行木片胶合木 Parallel strand beams and posts 层叠木片胶合木 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 腹板开洞搁栅 Open web joists,工字型搁栅 Wood I joists,弦杆由规格材或层叠木片胶合木构成，腹板由定向刨花板或胶合板构成Dimension lumber or LVL cords and OSB or plywood web 相同跨度时，比规格材轻 Lighter weight for same span as dimensioned lumber 实现的跨度比规格材更大 Capable of longer spans than dimensioned lumber 风道和电线在搁栅中穿越的空间更大 Deeper joists can allow for ductwork as well as electrical and plumbing 当用于屋顶椽条时，可以建造较大层高的天花板 When used as rafters can allow for high levels of insulation above cathedral ceilings 深度可以从241mm到508mm Depths range from 241mm (9-1/2“) to 508mm (20“) 长度最大可达到18.3m Lengths up to 18.3m (60 ft),平行木片胶合木 Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL),花旗松的小木片胶合成梁，过梁和柱 Strips of Douglas Fir glued to form beams, lintels and posts 材性稳定，不会出现收缩、翘曲、扭转、开裂和隆起 Stable predictable performance, will not shrink, warp, twist, split or crown 平行木片胶合木 的厚度从45mm到178mm PSL beams are sold in thicknesses ranging from 45mm (1-3/4“), to 178mm (7“). 长度最大可以达到20m Up to 20m (66 feet) in length,层叠木片胶合木 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL),软木薄片木纹方向交错胶合而成的梁 Plies of softwood veneer with the grain running in the long direction, glued together to form a beam. 结构性能可靠 Reliable structural characteristics 也适用于建筑上暴露的构件 Also available in architectural grade for use where exposed 厚度从19mm到89mm Thicknesses from l9mm (3/4“) to 89mm (3-1/2“). 长度最大可以达到24.4m Lengths up to 24.4m (80 ft.),Courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council,腹板开洞平行弦桁架 Open Web Parallel Cord Trusses,上下弦杆采用规格材，腹板采用金属杆或规格材 Dimensioned lumber top and bottom cord with web made of metal straps of dimensioned lumber 跨度更大 Can span large distances 自重轻 Light weight 材料利用率高 Efficient use of materials 管道和电线的排布穿越方便 Can allow for easy installation of ductwork, plumbing and wiring 现场不易调整长度 Limited ability to adjust length on site,钉 Nails,木结构 Framing 大多数轻型木结构用的钉都是低碳钢制作的 Most nails used in wood frame construction are made from mild steel 当用于室外或易腐蚀环境中时，要使用热浸镀锌钉，不锈钢钉或表面处理过的钉 For exterior use and where corrosion is a concern galvanized, stainless steel or coated nails are used 顶的尺寸从12mm到150mm，最常用的钉为83mm Nail sizes range in size form 12mm (1/2”) to 150mm (6”) with the most common framing nails being 83mm (3 ”),钉的类型 Nail Types 普通钉 Common 带头的低碳钢钉 Mild steel nail with head 双头钉 Double headed 用于临时固定 Used for temporary fastening 光圆钉 Finishing 用于需要隐蔽的连接 Used where nail is to be concealed 螺纹钉 Spiral 可以增加握钉力 Provides extra holding power 环纹钉 Ringed 握钉力最大，永久性固定 Highest holding power, permanent fastening 屋面钉 Roofing 大而平的钉头防止撕裂 Large flat head for tear resistance 挂板钉 Cladding and Decking 圆头可以保证搭接时必要的间隙 Rounded head provides gaps between lapped siding,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,钉 Nails,金属连接件 Metal Framing Connectors,用于木框架的连接 All purpose framing anchor,抗拔连接件 Tie down framing anchor,用于抵抗地震荷载和风的上拔力 For resisting earthquake and wind uplift,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金属连接件 Metal Framing Connectors,三向连接件 Triple grip framing anchor,直角连接件 Framing angle,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金属连接件 Metal Framing Connectors,搁栅和檩条挂钩 Joist and purlin hangers,桁架齿板 Truss plates,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金属连接件 Metal Framing Connectors,抗震锚固件Seismic anchors,轻型木结构建造方法 Framing Methods,规格材的建造有三种基本的方法 Construction using lumber can be broken into three basic methods 一体通柱建造法 Balloon frame construction 多用于过去，现在很少使用 Used more in the past, limited use today 梁柱建造法 Post and beam construction 利基市场建造方法 Niche market construction method 平台式建造法 Platform frame construction 加拿大最常用的建造方法 The most common method used in Canada,一体通柱建造法 Balloon Framing,一体通柱建造法 Balloon framing 外墙墙骨柱从基础到屋顶椽条是连续的 The exterior walls made from continuous studs that run from the foundation roof rafters. 楼盖搁栅支承在板条上 Floor joists are supported on ribbon boards 较长的墙骨柱不容易施工 Long stud lengths more difficult to handle 收缩小于平台式建造法 Less shrinkage than platform frame construction 墙体内的保温层可以从基础到屋顶连续布置 Allows full depth wall insulation from the foundation to the roof. 墙体空腔内要设置防火挡块 Fire blocking maybe required in wall cavity,梁柱式或重型木结构 Post and Beam or Heavy Timber Framing,主要的结构构件采用大尺寸的规格材做梁和柱 Major structural members are large dimension lumber posts and beams 可以使用胶合木或平行木片胶合木 May use glue laminated or parallel strand components 通常结构在室内是暴露的 Structure typically exposed inside 非承重墙体由墙骨柱和预制面板构成 Wall infill panels consist of stud framed walls or prefabricated panels,平台式建造法 Platform Framing,平台式建造法 Platform framing 一种简便的建造方式，可以使用小断面的规格材 A simple construction method that allows the use of standard small dimension lumber 每一层楼盖都能提供一个施工平台用以布置和搭建内外墙体 Each floor provides a working platform for the layout and framing of the interior and exterior walls 理论上说灵活的施工方法可以建造各种形状和风格的建筑 Flexibility allows virtually any shape or style of building to be constructed 修改方便 Can be easily modified.,平台式建造法 Platform Framing,屋顶桁架 Roof trusses,38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm 墙骨柱 38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm ( 2x4 or 2x6) stud walls,楼盖覆面板 Floor sheathing,楼盖搁栅 Floor joists,基础 Foundation,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,可以指定一或两个构件来解释和抵抗下述任何一种结构概念和受力 For each of the following structural concepts and forces, identify one or 2 wood frame building components that are used to resist these 受压 Compression 受拉 Tension 水平支撑 Lateral bracing 受剪 Shear 楼盖 /墙体 Diaphragms 悬挑 Cantilevers,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,受压 Compression 墙骨柱 Studs 柱 Posts 地梁板 Sill plates 过梁 Lintels 梁 Beams 支撑 Blocking 搁栅 Joists,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,受拉 Tension 搁栅 Joists 梁 Beams 桁架 Trusses 木板条 Straps 锚固件 Anchors,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,水平支撑 Lateral Bracing 横撑 Struts 覆面板（胶合板、定向刨花板和石膏板） Sheet goods (plywood, OSB, gypsum board) 金属拉条 Metal straps,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,受剪 Shear 胶合板 Plywood 钉 Nails 连接板 Gusset plates 节点 Joists 梁 Beams,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,楼盖或墙体 Diaphragms 胶合板和定向刨花板 Plywood and OSB 石膏板 Gypsum board 椽条和搁栅 Rafters and joists 剪刀撑 Cross bracing,结构概念和构件 Structural Concepts and Components,悬挑 Cantilevers 搁栅 Joists 梁 Beams 椽条 Rafters 桁架 Trusses,规格材含水率 Framing Lumber Moisture Content,木材含水率 Moisture content in wood 湿材含水率为30%到300% Green lumber moisture content 30% to 300% 木材干燥时收缩 As wood dries shrinkage occurs 顺纹方向出现最大的收缩 Largest shrinkage parallel to grain 规格材含水率为19%或更低 Framing lumber considered dry when 19% or less 干燥材 Dried lumber is 尺寸更稳定 More dimensionally stable 更轻 Lighter 运输更经济 More economical to ship,Typically 8% shrinkage,Typically 4% shrinkage,Typically 0.1% shrinkage,规格材的干燥 Framing Lumber Drying,气干 Air Drying 防止雨水的侵蚀 Protected from rain 需要数月时间 Process takes months 不需要使用能源 No energy required 窑干 Kiln Drying 热量和相对湿度可以控制，空气可以循环流通 Heat and relative humidity are controlled, air is circulated through lumber 高温可以杀死昆虫和其它大部分有机物质，和干燥材一样 Temperatures kill insects and most other organisms as well as dry lumber 需要几天时间 Process takes days 需要使用能源，会间接影响规格材成本 Energy required to heat kilns potentially affecting cost of lumber 窑干的规格材需要敲章S-DRY 或 S-GDN Kiln dried lumber stamped S-DRY or S-GDN,Photo Nick Morley,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,规格材 Framing Lumber,堆放和防潮 Storage and Protection From Moisture 当干燥到19%的含水率后必须保持干燥 Once dried to 19% must be kept dry 需要遮盖 Under cover 用防水材料包裹 Wrapped in water resistant wrapping (house wrap),现场含水率测试 Field Moisture Measurement,测试规格材含水率 Measuring moisture content of framing lumber 插入式含水率测量仪是最常用的 Pin type DC resistance moisture meter most commonly used 必须插入木材8mm才能精确测量 Must penetrate wood 8mm (5/16”) for accurate reading 不同的树种需要进行调整 Must be adjusted for each species,现场含水率测试 Field Moisture Measurement,所有的木材在完工前含水率必须控制在19%或以下 All framing must 19% moisture content or less before closing in 检测含水率的关键 Key areas to check for moisture 外墙 Exterior Walls 木材大面积集中的地方 Areas