助动词与情态动词.ppt

助动词与情态动词,助动词与青苔动词的关系,1.He can finish the work alone. He did finish the work alone. 2. Can you do that? Did you do that?,情态动词：可表达一定语义，去掉后句子意思改变。 助动词： 没有语义，去掉后句子意思不变。 情态动词与助动词都必须与实意动词连用，共同构成句子谓语部分。 You have done a great job.,动词的分类,根据在句中的功能，动词可以分为： 1.实义动词(Notional Verbs) 2.系动词(Link Verbs) 3.助动词(Auxiliary Verbs) 4.情态动词(Modal Verbs),助动词 （Auxiliary）,(Helping Verb),种类 be 2. have 3. do 4. shall will 写出上述助动词的各种形式。,1. be ( is, am, are, was, were, being, been ); 2. have ( has, had, having ); 3. do ( does, did ); 4. shall ( should ), will ( would ).,概念 没有独立的实际意义，不能单独作谓语，通常帮助实 义 动 词并与其一起构成谓语，表示_等，或构成_。,时态、语态、语气,疑问句和否定句,1. 构成各种时态 We shall have a meeting tomorrow. She is doing her homework. Tom was making a call at this time last night. The plane had been away for almost an hour when I arrived at the airport. He promised that he would tell me the truth.,2. 构成被动语态 The window is often cleaned by the little girl . I was told to attend that meeting. A meeting will be held by us here tomorrow. The trees are being watered by them. He promised that the truth would be told to me.,3. 构成强势语气 1)用于肯定句动词前 He worked hard. He did work hard. She loves reading. She does love reading. -He plays the piano wonderfully. - So he does.,2) 用于祈使句前。 Come to my party on time. Do come to my party on time. Be quiet! Do be quiet!,4.用于不完全倒装句 1）Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground. 2）The organization had broken no rules, but neither had it acted responsibly. 3) -She plays the piano wonderfully. - So does he.,将下列句子改为不完全倒装句。 1. I have never seen such wonderful pictures in my life. 2. He seldom paints now. 3. John not only loves Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it. 4. I realized the importance of learning English only then. 5. Tom didnt begin to do his homework until his mother returned. 6. China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons under any circumstances,1. Never have I seen such wonderful pictures in my life. 2. Seldom does he paint now. 3. Not only does John love Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it. 4. Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. 5. Not until his mother returned did Tom begin to do his homework. 6. Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,5. 构成否定，疑问句型 Does she work here? They didnt buy that car last week. Has your father finished that job? When will you come back?,do , have 作实意动词,1.What did you do yesterday? I did some reading. 2. I have nothing to say about it. 3. He told me the TV set he had had repaired went wrong again.,情态动词 (Modal Verb),概念,We frequently use modal verbs when we want to, for example, ask for permission to do something; grant permission to someone; give or receive advice; make or respond to requests and offers, etc.,情态动词用来表示说话人对一个动作或状态 的看法，态度或者说话人的情感。它有一定 的意义，即：说话人认为某事“可能”， “或许”，“应该”，或是“必须”发生等。但不能单独作谓语，它与行为动词或系动词连用构成谓语。,情态动词特征： 1. 有一定的词义，但不能单独使用作谓语。 2.适用于主语的各种人称和数。 3. 后面接动词原形。 4. 具有助动词的作用， 既可用来构成否定句，疑问句及简明答语。,常用情态动词,can could be able to may might must shall should will would ought to dare need have to used to had better,can, could, be able to,can 可用于表能力，可能性及许可。 He is only four, but he can read. Can this news be true? Can I smoke here?(练习33),could 可以作为can的过去式，表过去的能力，或用于表微弱的可能;还可表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。 1. I could swim when I was only six. 2. It could rain tomorrow. 3. Could I use your bike?,can 和 be able to,Someday humans will be able to overcome such fatal disease as AIDS. 表示将来的能力可以用be able to 的将来形式，也可以用can。 We are busy today, but we can repair your car tomorrow.,could 和 was able to,The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A) had to B) would C) could D) was able to I could/was able to swim when I was very young.(过去能力) I was able to pass the exam although it was very difficult.（p45 2） was able to = could and succeeded in doing,cant /couldnt have done 过去否定猜测 He couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now (练习15),must do 现在肯定猜测 cant do 现在否定猜测(练习19.39) must have done 过去肯定猜测,情态动词have done,情态动词完成式主要有两方面的含义： 1.表示对已经发生的情况的推测： must have done 2.表示一种虚拟语气： could have done,常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的肯定推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。 She must have studied English before. The road is wet. It must have rained last night.(练习11 17 27 40),must have done,表示对过去事情的否定推测， “不可能做过某事”。 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。 Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家了。 Mary cant have stolen your money. She has gone home. (练习 28 29 35),cant have done/couldnt have done,may/might have done,表示对过去发生行为的不太肯定的推测，含有“可能”、“也许是”的意思。 He may have finished his homework. He might not have settled the question (练习25),He_ you more help, even though he was very busy. A) might have given B) might give C) may have given D) may give,could have done,表示本来能够完成的动作但没有完成。 You could have completed the task a little earlier. I could have passed the exam easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.,should have done/ ought to have done过去该做而实际上未做的动作或行为； 否定形式should not have done/ ought not to have done发生了不应该发生的行为。 I should have thought of that. (练习28 36) They should not have left so soon. You should not have told her the truth.,should /should not have done,表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。 You neednt have woken me up; I dont have to go to work today. 你本来没必要叫醒我 She neednt have come here so early. 她本来不必要来这么早。(练习22 37) did not need to do 动作并没发生 Yesterday I didnt need to get up early, so I got up at 9 a.m.,neednt have done,There is no light on - they _ be at home. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt 2. My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where _ I have put it? A. can B. must C. should D. would 3. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. A. should B. can C. must D. will,4. I _ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt 5. She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam. - I guess so. Its not difficult after all. should B. could C. must D. might 6. He looks very young, so he _ be a student. A. must B. can C. will D. may,may, might,may表请求、允许。 May I come in? Yes, please./Certainly. No, you may not No, you cant. No, you mustnt. I am sorry. Id rather you didnt I am afraid not. youd better not (练习38),I believe the man is from England. But I may be wrong.,Peter _ come here tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will,表示猜测, 推测，might 可能性更小.,may be与maybe,maybe是副词，意为“也许，大概”。它通常放在句子的开头，在句子中作状语。 Maybe they wont come here tonight. Maybe she is happy. may be是情态动词may加动词原形be构成的，在句中做谓语，意为“可能是、大概是”，后接形容词、介词短语或名词作表语。 She may be at home. =Maybe she is at home. You may be right. =Maybe you are right.,副词 maybe 可单独用作答语，但 may be 不能这样用。如： A：Do you think hell come back? B：Maybe. (Maybe not.) 翻译：你的钢笔可能在你的口袋里。 他可能是个学生。 Your pen may be in your pocket. Maybe your pen is in your pocket. He may be a student. Maybe he is a student.,May you succeed! May you have a good journey!,may as well + 动原 “最好， 不妨” You may as well do it at once. 你最好马上就做这件事。,表示祝愿;语气较正式,must, have to,must表必须，必要 ，强调说话人的主观意愿，而have to 更强调客观需要，“不得不”。 I must clean the room.（主观想法） I have to clean the room.（客观需要）,must 用于一般疑问句的时候， 肯定回答用must , 或者 Im afraid so, 或 Yes, please. 其否定回答用 neednt 或者 dont have to Must I go tomorrow? Yes, please./Yes, you must. No, you neednt.(练习21) No, you dont have to (练习9),must 用于表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中） He must be an honest boy. You must know my father. have to 有第三人称单数和时态的变化。 She/He/It has to. They had to . They will have to . have to的否定和疑问形式必须借助于助动词do来构成。 I have to get up early. I dont have to get up so early. Do I have to get up so early?,should, ought to,否定形式should not /shouldnt, ought not to/oughtnt to 疑问形式直接用should, ought 提问 你不应该抽这么多烟。 You oughtnt to /shouldnt smoke so much. 我应不应该给她写信？ Should I write to her? Ought I to write to her?,should的特殊用法 I find it quite astonishing that he should be so rude to you. 我很惊讶他竟然对你如此无礼。 I cant think why she should have done such a thing. 我不明白她为什么竟然做出这样的事。 should常用在从句中表示一种感情色彩，可译为“竟然”。,will和would,will,would作为助动词可以用来构成将来时态。 作为情态动词，will/would可以： 1.表示意志，决心或愿望。 Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. He wouldnt go to see the doctor. 2.表示经常性、习惯性的行为，常译为“总是”。 She will listen to music alone in her room for hours. He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.,3.用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委婉。 Would/will you please tell me the way to the station?,shall,Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter.可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。,A. 用于构成将来时（助动词）。,Shall we go by train, Mum?,B.用于征求意见（情态动词）用于第一人称。,1.You shall do exactly as I say.(练习34) 2.You shall have whatever you want. 3.Nobody shall throw away rubbish everywhere!,shall的主语是第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人的允诺、警告、命令等语气。,“I will be drowned and no one shall save me!” “ I shall be drowned no one will save me!”,need,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。 做实义动词, 有人称和时态的变化： I need some help. (need sth.) He needs to get some sleep. (need to do sth.) His hair needed cutting. (need doing 主动表被动) 此时，否定和疑问都要用助动词do 构成。 I dont need any help./Do you need any help? He doesnt need to get any sleep./ Does he need to.? His hair didnt need cutting./Did his hair need cutting? (p45 14),做情态动词, 后接动词原形，没有人称和时态变化，一般只用在否定句和疑问句中： sb. neednt do sth.,指“不必” You neednt wait for me. She neednt write to him. He said she neednt write to him. 疑问句可由need直接构成，不必借助于助动词do. Need she write to him? Need I wait for you? Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 肯定回答用must, 否定回答用neednt.,句子改错： She need some paper. Need you any help? I neednt any help. You dont need wait for me.,She needs some paper.,Do you need any help?,I dont need any help.,You dont need to wait for me. You neednt wait for m