《道路规划与设计》PPT课件.ppt

道路规划与设计,同济大学交通运输工程学院 方守恩,道路规划与设计,一、学习内容 (一) 国内外科技发展概况 1. 近期国外道路科技发展趋势 2. 中国交通科技发展 3.国家高速公路网规划 4 当前道路规划与路线设计方面的主要研究热点 (二) 汽车构造和汽车理论 1. 汽车传动系统及其发动机 2. 汽车的动力平衡 3. 汽车的动力特性图和经济特性图,道路规划与设计,(三) 道路几何设计和技术标准 1. 新公路工程技术标准和公路路线设计规范学习 2. 美、德、日各国道路技术标准的比较分析 (四) 道路交通安全与道路设计 (五) 现代化测设设备(全站仪、GPS、航测等)简介及其在道路工程中的应用 (六) 道路规划设计中的环境评价和景观设计,道路规划与设计,二、主要参考资料 公路工程技术标准JTG B01-2003 公路路线设计规范JTG D20-2006 公路项目安全性评价指南JTG/T B05-2004 汽车构造，吉林工大编，人民交通出版社，1987年； 汽车理论，清华大学编，机械工业出版社，1989年； 公路与城市道路几何设计，AASHTO标准，西北工业大学出版社，1988年； 公路设计指南，陈胜营等，人民交通出版社，2000年 日本公路技术标准的解说和运用,日本道路协会，人民交通出版社，1979年； 德国的道路设计，Durth讲，景天然译，人民交通出版社，1987年； 道路通行能力手册，美国交委会专题报告209号，中国建筑工业出版社，1991年； 道路安全工程，郭忠印、方守恩，人民交通出版社，2003年9月 新理念公路设计指南（2005年版），交通部公路司，人民交通出版社，2005年11月,道路规划与设计,二、主要参考资料 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets AASHTO 2004 Road Safety Audit (Second Edition) AUSTROADS 2002 Safer Roads: A Guide to Road Safety Engineering，K.W. Ogden , Avebury Technical，1996； 日本道路构造令2004年；,国内外科技发展动态,同济大学交通运输工程学院 方守恩,一、国际道路协会（PIARC）介绍,Permanent International Association of Road Congress,历史,成立于1908年 现每4年召开一次会议 至今已召开过22届 19131923年 第一次世界大战 19381951年 第二次世界大战 2000年拥有97个国家会员，2000名个人会员,历史,中国1922年入会 1979年参加会议并提出复会申请 1983年恢复会员国地位,中心议题(19832003),Theme 1 - Road Technology,Analyses to define functional and quality requirements requested by users Life-cycle cost analyses and development of production and products from the client, operator and user points of view, including recycled and marginal materials Taking account of innovations and the results of research, and promoting their utilisation, when developing best practices and giving recommendations Adapting appropriate technologies to developing countries (DC) and countries in transition (CIT) Promoting the development of durable highway structures that can be kept in efficient and safe operation,Theme 2 - Road Transport, Livability and Sustainable Development,General consequences of the Kyoto agreement, including quantitative analyses of technical, social, and political issues addressing road policies How to improve communication between community and decision-makers Development of integrated interurban transport The impacts and consequences of land use planning on transport demand Integrated transport in urban areas How to promote non-motorised trips in urban planning Understanding of the contribution of efficient movement of freight to national and international economies,Theme 3 - Road and Road Transport Operations,Risk management (including natural, industrial, technical, etc., risks) Keeping the road network, including bridges and tunnels, in safe, useable operation in all conditions Traffic demand management, including investigating the opportunities for integrated information flows to travellers How to develop the concept of a fully integrated high quality transport network operator role, e.g. how to operate a major road network to service standards and slot booking in the same way as rail, air and sea services The promotion of global technology standards to maximise opportunities To understand the safety responses to many advances, including the identification of safety issues which are priorities for developing countries,Theme 4 - Management and Administration of the Road System,Developing, improving and implementing asset management processes Management and technology systems within an integrated transport system Utilisation of the results of the PIARC/HDM-4 project in improving road management Effective coordination between network managers, operators and the community Making more efficient use of the road budget Introduction of new forms of road financing Introduction of road pricing Organizational structure and effective performance management within road administrations The role and application of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the provision, operation and maintenance of the road network,Theme 5 - Appropriate Levels of Road and Road Transport Development,Evaluate effectiveness of PIARC technology transfer Development of techniques to facilitate the exchange of technology among and within PIARC member countries and professionals Improve understanding of the needs of developing countries Adapting transportation policy to users expectation Addressing problems of traffic congestion, environment and mobility in urban areas of developing countries and countries in transition Evaluation methods for road investment priorities in DCs and CITs and rural and remote areas Develop relationships with international technology transfer and financing organizations Application of road user charges, particularly in countries in transition, in some developing countries and in rural and remote areas Analyses of road user costs and quality of service levels for various transport modes Public consultation Technical standards for DCs and CITs,PIARC Technical Committee(C1),This Committee was created in 1938 during the Congress of The Hague under the name “Technical Committee on Skid Resistance“. Methods and systems to measure surface characteristics including using the results from the two international experiments carried out by PIARC on friction, texture and evenness , Noise emission measurement, Pavement/vehicle interaction, Indicators to define pavement quality of use.,PIARC Technical Committee on Community Consultation (C2),This Committee was created in 2000 after the Kuala Lumpur Congress. Improve users and publics understanding and expectations, Inventory of successful practices, Develop new methodologies for public consultation. The methods must make a distinction between what is done for road and road transport policies, programmes and projects. Methods shall enhance the communication policy.,PIARC Technical Committee on Technological Exchanges and Development (C3),This Committee was created in 1953 for the preparation of the Istanbul Congress. It had been successively called “Technical Committee on Low-Volume Roads“ and “Technical Committee on Roads in Developing Regions“. Continue identification / coordination with PIARC Technical Committees on advances in the “State of the Art“, Continue identification of methods of successful technology transfers, Facilitate identification of needs among developing countries, Supplement the training of road engineers with a human and social facet (sociology and social,PIARC Technical Committee on Interurban Roads and Integrated Interurban Transport (C4),This Committee was created in 1953 for the Istanbul Congress. It had been successively called “Technical Committee on Traffic“, “Technical Committee on Traffic and Safety“, “Committee on Interurban Roads“ and during 1996-1999: “Committee on Roads, Transport and Regional Development“. Mobility. Regional development and land planning. Integration, intermodality and interoperability of the different transport modes. Emerging transport modes. Development of public consultation. Cross-disciplinary methods and skills. Rural roads. Alignment design. Roadside features,PIARC Technical Committee on Road Tunnel Operation (C5),This Committee was created in 1957 for the Rio de Janeiro Congress. It was called “Committee on Road Tunnels“ up to the end of 1999. Operation methods according to economic and safety criteria, Equipment, Adaptation and improvement of structures in service, Training workforces, Risk analysis, Follow-up on the conclusions of the project “Transport of Dangerous Goods through Tunnels“.,PIARC Technical Committee on Road Management (C6),This Committee was created in 1965 after the Rome Congress. It had been successively called “Technical Committee on Winter Maintenance“, “Technical Committee on Maintenance and Management“. Asset management methods taking account of: Transport management, Levels of service, Management and maintenance quality, Economic management/prediction models.,PIARC Technical Committee on Road Pavements (C7/8),This Committee was created in 1962 for the Rome Congress. It was then called “Technical Committee on Pavement Design“ which had been separated into C7 (Concrete Roads) and C8 (Flexible Roads) in 1965. The activities of the Technical Committee on Testing of Road Materials (C2) which was created in Munich in 1934, were transferred to C7 and C8 in 1992. In 2000, those two Committees merged into one single Technical Committee: C7/8. Design of flexible, mixed, concrete and composite pavements according to durability, economic and environmental criteria: Design methods and standards, Selection of materials, recycling, needs in materials, Maintenance and strengthening.,PIARC Technical Committee on Economic and Financial Evaluation (C9),This Committee was created in 1971 during the Prague Congress. It was then called “Economic and Finance Committee“. Road pricing policy, Road infrastructure financing modes, Case of roads in rural areas, Cost recovery, Change in risk sharing from new financing methods.,PIARC Technical Committee on Urban Areas and Integrated Urban Transport (C10),This Committee was created in 1976 after the Mexico Congress. Up to 1991 it was called “Committee on Roads in Urban Areas“. Then, until 1999, it was called “Committee on Urban Areas“. Relationship between transport and urban planning and development, Improvement of road network integration with public transport systems, Sharing urban roadways among the various transport modes, including non-motorised transport, Emerging transport modes, Integrated payment systems for the use of road infrastructure by public transport and parking facilities.,PIARC Technical Committee on Road Bridges and other Structures (C11),This Committee deals with management and maintenance of road bridges, but not with designing new bridges. This matter is dealt with by another international association (IABSE International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering) This Committee was created in 1980 after the Vienna Congress. Up to 1999 included, it was called “Committee on Road Bridges“. Asset management, Investigative methods of the condition of structures, Risk analysis and reliability of structures (bridges and other structures, excluding tunnels) taking account of the whole life of the structure, life cycle analysis, Appropriate operation methodologies.,PIARC Technical Committee on Earthworks, Drainage, Subgrade (C12),This Committee was created in 1984 after the XVIIth World Road Congress (Sydney). Design and construction. Soil upgrading. Use of local materials and wastes. Water movements and improvement of drainage systems. Risk management. Pre-standardization.,PIARC Technical Committee on Road Safety (C13),This Committee was created in 1988 after the XVIIIth World Road Congress (Brussels). Road safety audits, Evaluation methods of safety concepts, Road design standards related to safety, User behaviour analysis, Enforcement, Road safety education.,PIARC Technical Committee on Sustainable Development and Road Transport (C14),This Committee was created in 1988 after the XVIIIth World Road Congress (Brussels). It was called “Committee on the Environment“ until 1999. Consequences of the Kyoto Protocol and global warming on road policies, Evaluation of the impacts of transport policies on employment, health, and biodiversity, Noise and toxic emissions limits in urban areas, Public consultation methods, making a distinction between programmes and projects.,PIARC Technical Committee on Performance of Road Administrations (C15),This Committee was created in 1996 after the Montral Congress. New management and organization modes of Road Administrations, Public/private and public/public management and risk sharing, New public road authority competence for regulation in case of public/private and public/public concessions, Quality systems performance indicators, Optimal resource allocation, Procurement methods for works.,PIARC Technical Committee on Network Operations (C16),This Committee was created in 1996 after the Montral Congress. It was called “Committee on Intelligent Transport“ from 1996 to 1999 included. Role and responsibility of road administrations in road network operations, Public/private partnership, Cooperation with administrations and organizations involved in traffic management, Intelligent road infrastructure management methods, Real time monitoring of road networks, User information, Intermodal management means.,PIARC Technical Committee on Winter Maintenance (C17),This Technical Committee (since 2000) was first created as a Working Group. This Committee is renewed every four years, but one year before the other Technical Committees because it is in charge of the technical documents of PIARC Winter Road Congresses. It has acted as the programme Committee of the XIth Winter Road Congress in Sapporo (Japan), 28-31 January 2002. C17 is currently being set up in view of the XIIth International Winter Road Congress which will be held in Turin-Sestriere in 2006. Preparation of the technical programme and documents of the PIARC International Winter Road Congress.,PIARC Technical Committee on Risk Management for Roads (C18),This Technical Committee was first created as a PIARC Working Group in 1991 in the framework of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction decided by UNO (1990-1999). It was called “Working Group on Natural Disaster Reduction“. It became a PIARC Technical Committee in 2000. Identification and classification of natural or industrial risks, Prevention methods, Risk exposure plans, Crisis management.,PIARC Technical Committee on Freight Transport (C19),In January 1997, this Technical Committee was first created as a PIARC Working Group. In 2000, it became a Technical Committee. Overall state of freight transport, Consequences of the liberalization of exchanges and of deregulation, Freight transport by road, Intermodality, relationship with freight transport by rail, Logistic platforms, Size and weight of vehicles.,PIARC Technical Committee on Appropriate Development (C20),This Committee was created in 2000 after the Kuala Lumpur Congress. Carry out research work to define a methodology for setting up an inventory of road needs as a social service, Set the appropriate objectives to be met on the basis of the appropriate development concept, Compare methods that are used to qualify and quantify those needs and derive best practices from them, Define a “universal model“ accepted by the road community to set road investment priorities in poor countries. This evaluation method must be accepted and shared by the donors and implemented by the road administrations. It must consider among the project added values, those other than the reduction of the vehicle operating costs, eg agricultural, mining, tourism as well as social impacts, Create a database of new indicators directed towards appropriate development. These data represent social indicators (road access rate, time needed to reach cities, etc.).,中心议题(20042008),Entkopplung von Wirtschafts- und Verkehrswachstum 分析经济增长和交通增长,Tag Ib.38,Governance and Management of the Road System and Related Technical Committees,Strategic Theme 1,39,Goal and Background,Goal : Improve the governance and management of road administration in the provision of road systems in accordance with international best practice.,Roles of Roads are: linking all transport modes essential to promote socioeconomic development, facing new challenges（structural changes, scope of activities etc.）,provide services to road users and road-side residents,road development and maintenance,Road administrations are,Background:,40,Items to investigate,1. Road system economics within an integrated transport system 2. Effects of road pricing 3. Effective management measures of : - Financial procurement strategies - Cost management for long-term investments - Public private partnership 4. Governance and structure of road administration 5. New ideas for network-wide management and operations 6-1. Information management and the public interest 6-2. Appropriate use of ITS,41,TCs of ST1 and Former ST4,42,Major feature of ST1 and TOR of TCs,3 issues were identified for each TC,Each issue was structured to correspond with TOR,Clear definition of Issues, Strategies and Outcomes,43,TC1.1 Road System Economics,44,Issue 1.1.1 Road System Economics within an integrated transport system Issue 1.1.2 Effects of road pricing on the socioeconomy Issue 1.1.3 Road project evaluation framework,Issue 1.1.1 - Road system economics within an integrated transport system,45,TC1.1,Issue 1.1.2 - Effects of road pricing on the Socioeconomy,46,TC1.1,Issue 1.1.3 - Road project evaluation framework,- that cover the various aspects of the project process, and - fully capture the diversity of road benefits and take into account regional characteristics and social development needs,47,TC1.1,TC1.2 Financing Road System Investment,48,Issue 1.2.1 Exploration of financial procurement strategies Issue 1.2.2 Cost management for long-term investment Issue 1.2.3 Public Private Partnerships for roads and road transport administration,Issue 1.2.1 - Exploration of financial procurement strategies,49,TC1.2,Issue 1.2.2 - Cost management for long-term investment,50,TC1.2,Issue 1.2.3 - Public Private Partnerships for roads and road transport administration,51,TC1.2,52,Issue 1.3.1 Governance and Structure of Road Administrations Issue 1.3.2 Development of Human Resources Skills Issue 1.3.3 Application of performance indicators of the road system,Issue 1.3.1 - Governance and Structure of Road Administrations,53,TC1.3,Issue 1.3.2 -Development of Human Resources Skills,54,TC1.3,Issue 1.3.3 - Application of performance indicators of the road system,- how indicators match daily needs - means for data management - assess the level of achievement,55,TC1.3,TC1.4 Management of Network Operation,56,Issue 1.4.1 New ideas for wide Network Operations Issue 1.4.2 Information Management and Public Interests Issue 1.4.3 Appropriate Use of ITS for an Integrated Transport Syst