2012GCT语法讲座精要版.ppt

GCT备考第一讲,语法,基本知识点清单,主从复合句 非谓语动词 时态和语态 虚拟语气 倒装 强调 形容词副词 主谓一致关系,第一章 主从复合句,名词性从句 形容词性从句(即定语从句) 副词性从句（即状语从句）,第一节 名词性从句,考点一：主语从句 知识点: 主语从句的引导词(that/what, who/whom, whether等); 2. 谓语动词一般用单数。,例句,1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody. It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. 2. What you have said is convincing. 3. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. 4. Who will come to the dinner remains a question.,考点二：宾语从句,知识点： 宾语从句的引导词(that/what, who/whom, whether/if等) 2. 从句的语序。,例句,1. He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck. 2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs. 3. We will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 4. The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met. 5. I wonder whether you can help me or not. 6. They doubt if he will be back on time.,考点三：表语从句,知识点： 表语从句的引导词： that, what, because, why等 例句 1.The assumption is that things will improve. 2. China is not what it used to be.,3. It may be because he is too young to do it. 4. This is why I got scolded. 5. The reason why he has been such a success is that he never give up.,考点四：同位语从句,知识点： 1. 同位语从句引导词：that； 2. 同位语从句中常用到的抽象名词： news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, hope, truth, belief, message, conclusion等。,例句,1. The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. 2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise. 3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.,第二节 形容词性从句,考点1：引导定语从句的引导词： 关系代词 (which, that, who, whom, whose, as) 关系副词 (when, where, why),例句,1. The book which / that you lent me yesterday is rather boring. 2. The man whom / that you were talking about is the manager. 3. My grandfather is an old man who always seems in fine health. 4. Living in a house whose walls are made of glass would be horrible.,5. As is often the case, we have overfulfilled the production plan. 6. It was raining on the day when they arrived. 7. The bridge where this photo was taken has been rebuilt. 8. The reason why he came is not very convincing.,当先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing, something, much, little时； 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时； 当先行词被序数词(the first)或形容词最 高级(the last)修饰时。,考点2：下列情况出现时， 定语从句的引导词用 that :,例句,1. All that you want are here. 2. These are the very points that puzzled me . 2. There is no person that doesnt make mistakes. 3. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4. He must be the last person that qualifies the job.,1. 在“the same .as”, “such.as”, “soas”固定搭配中 例句： Such furniture as is very popular is expensive. We have successfully done the same experiment as you did. Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve. 2. 引导非限制性定语从句 As is our teacher points out, that is of benefit to the people.,考点3：下列情况出现时, 引导词用 as,当先行词是reason时 He did not tell us the reason why he was late again. 2. The reason why he didnt come is that he was ill.,考点4： 下列情况用引导词 why：,1. 先行词与介词的常见习惯搭配； The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand.,考点5： 介词 + which / whom 结构中 介词取决于：,定语从句中谓语动词的搭配； This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.,当定语从句表达从属关系时, 用of which或者of whom The film is about a spy of whom wife betrays him. We found a house of which the roof had been damaged.,当先行词为表示时间的名词 ； 当先行词为表示地点的名词。 以上情况分别相当于 介词+which 。 但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语, 则要用关系代词 that 或 which.,考点6：下列情况用关系副词 when 和 where.,例句,1. I cant forget the days when (in which) I lived with you. 2. Can you tell me the day when (on which) the first satellite was sent into space？ 3. China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas can be found. 4. Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood.,1. I will never forget the days I spent in Beijing University. A. what B. that C. in which D. when 2. I have never been to Beijing, but its the place I most want to visit. A. at which B. in which C. where D. that,非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部 分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。 as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在 主句之前,也可以放在主句之后；但 which 或who 引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在 主句句首。,考点7： 非限定性定语从句的引导词： 一般用引导词 which / as 或 who(指人)。,例句,1. As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. 2. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly. 3. His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last. 4. Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.,第三节 副词性从句,考点一：时间状语从句 常用引导词：when, while, as soon as, since , until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, directly, immediately, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when,例句,1. I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. 2. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. 3. The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard. 4. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 5. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.,考点二：地点状语从句,常用引导词：where 例句: Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.,考点三：原因状语从句,常用引导词：because, since, as 特殊引导词：now that, in that, given that, considering that 例句 1. My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.,2. Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. 3. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.,考点四：目的状语从句,常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that 例句: 1. The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 2. The teacher raised his voice for the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.,考点五：结果状语从句,常用引导词：so that, such that 特殊引导词：to the degree that, to the extent that, to a such degree that 例句: 1. He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 2. Its such a good chance that we must not miss it. 3. To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.,考点六：条件状语从句,常用引导词：if, unless 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, suppose that, providing/provided that, in case that, on condition that 例句 1. Well start our project if the president agrees. 2. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 3. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.,考点七：让步状语从句,常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as, while, no matter , whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 等。,1. Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 2. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. 3. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. 4. He wont listen whatever you may say.,例句,考点八：方式状语从句,常用引导词：as, as if, as though, how 特殊引导词：the way 例句 1. When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 2. She behaved as if she were the boss. 3. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.,第二章 非谓语动词,1. 动词不定式 to + V ; 2. 动名词 V-ing; 3.分词 V-ing / V-ed,第一节 动词不定式,考点一：动词不定式在以下情况下不带to 感官动词后面（作宾补）：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive I saw a man enter the shop. 个别表示使役意义的动词（作宾补），如：have, let, make, get The teacher has us write a composition every week.,一些情态动词后： would ratherthan, had better,would soonerthan, rather than, may / might as well (还是的 好), can not but, can not help but 等句型。 1. Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 2. We might as well put up here for tonight.,在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中（有do无to原则） 1. I can do nothing but follow your advice. 2. There is no choice but to wait and see.,考点二：不定式后置: 作后置定语； 表将来； 考点三：不定式作状语: 表目的、结果等 表目的, 用in order to句型或so as to句型引 出; 表结果用only to do结构，有“结果却” 之意。,1. The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend. 2. She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 3. In order to save the child, he laid down his life. 4. We hurried to the station only to find he had left.,第二节 动名词,考点一：动名词作宾语 admit, avoid, feel like, fancy, risk, imagine, postpone, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, forbid, mind, miss, escape, suggest, give up, look forward to, cant help, thanks to, object to,1. Forbid smoking on trains. 2. We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 3. I am looking forward to seeing you again.,考点二：动名词用在固定句型中。,It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词）+ doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.; There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth. have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth.,1. Its no use crying over spilt milk. 2. Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie. 3. There is no point in my going out to date someone. 4. I find it no good advising him to go with us. 5. The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.,考点三： 既可接不定式 也可接动名词的区别,知识点： 动词不定式表将来；动名词表完成,考点四：动名词的逻辑主语,1. Toms coming is what we have expected. 2. Mary insists on my going with her.,第三节 分词,知识点： 现在分词表主动进行（主谓关系） 过去分词表被动完成（动宾关系）,1. Having prepared dinner, she stood at the front door waiting for her husband to return. 2. Seen from the hill top, the lake scenery is beyond description.,考点一：作状语,考点二： “连词+分词 ”,1. The man will die unless operated at once. 2. Whether walking or sleeping, he was not at ease. 3. Although frightened, he managed to run away. 4. The soldier walked slowly as if wounded.,考点三：独立主格结构,1.逻辑主语+现在分词/过去分词 She walked along the path, her daughter + following close behind. All things + considered, we had to cancel the planned trip. 2. with / without + 逻辑主语 + 分词 He felt more uneasy with + the whole class + staring at him.,2. There being +其他成分 There being nothing to do, we played cards.,第三章 动词的时态和语态,第一节 动词的时态 考点一：一般现在时 知识点： 1. 表示永恒的真理; 2. 一般现在表将来。 标志性时间状语：often, always, from time to time I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.,知识点： 1. 表说话时或目前一段时间内 正在进行的活动; 2. 表感情色彩，加强语气。 标志性时间状语：now 与频率副词, 如always，constantly， again，continually等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 My old neighbor always is complaining about everything.,考点二：现在进行时,知识点： 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与 现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 标志性时间状语：for + 时间段； since + 时间点 1. They have lived in Beijing for five years. 2. They have lived in Beijing since 1995.,考点三：现在完成时,考点四：一般过去时,知识点：used to + do 和 be/get used to doing 的区别 标志性时间状语：常跟明确的过去时间连 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.,考点五：过去完成时,1. There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. 2. By the end of last term we had finished the book. 3. They finished earlier than we had expected.,4. I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. =Hardly had I finished my work when he came to see me. 5. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.=No sooner had I got into the room than it began to snow. 6. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.,标志性时间状语：常用的时间状语 一般用by+将来的时间。 1. By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 2. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. 3. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.,考点六：将来完成时,第二节 被动语态,考点一: 有些动词后用动名词表示被动。 want, need, require, deserve, worth 1. The book is worth reading. 2. The flowers need watering.,被动语态中感官动词、使役动词的 宾补在要还原主动语态中省略的to。 see, hear, perceive, make, let 主动：I saw her enter the hall. 被动：She was seen to enter the hall.,考点二：,第四章 虚拟语气,考点一：if 句型（基本结构） 1. If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day. 2. If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree. 3. If it should / were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.,4. Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam. 5. Had he the time, he would help us to solve these problems. 6. Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 7. Should they forget to bring the compass with them, they would get lost in the woods.,8. If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now. 9. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.,知识点1：在表示建议、命令、劝告、 决心、要求等主观色彩的动词后的宾语从句 中，从句谓语。 suggest, propose, recommend, demand, command, desire, require, advise, ask, direct, insist, determine, decide, prefer, maintain, ,考点二：用 (should) + 动词原形 的虚拟语气,1. I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time. 2. I prefer that you (should ) not do that. 3. The city council ordered spitting be prohibited on the streets. 4. The doctor urged she have an operation as early as possible.,例句,5. We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off. 6. His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting. 7. The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.,知识点2： It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性important, natural, desirable, possible, advisable, anxious, appropriate, vital, compulsory, crucial, eager, essential, fitting, necessary, willing, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, shocked, requested,1. It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline. 2. It is requested that a vote be taken. 3. It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.,考点三：wish句型中的虚拟语气,wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气， 其谓语部分有时态变化： 表示现在的愿望时，动词用were, did; 表示过去的愿望时，动词用had done / could have done; 表示将来的愿望时，动词用would / could / might do,1. I wish I had been to the concert last night. 2. I wish he would forgive me. 3. I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.,考点四：if only引导的虚拟条件句,表示现在的愿望时，动词用were, did； 表示过去的愿望时，动词用had done; 表示将来的愿望时，动词用would / could / might do 1. If only he were here! 2. If only you had come last night. 3. If only the rain would stop!,表示与现在的事实相反时，动词用were, did； 表示与过去的事实相反时，动词用had done; 表示与将来的事实相反时，动词用 would / could / might do 1. He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time. 2. He talks as though he were the boss.,考点五：在as if /as though引导的 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气,1. Its time you went to bed. 2. Its high time that we took action.,考点六：在句型 Its (about/high/good ) time that中的虚拟,考点七：在would rather后的从句中的虚拟,意为“宁愿”“宁可”“最好” 表示现在和将来的愿望时，动词用were,did； 表示过去的愿望时，动词用had done; Id rather you left tomorrow instead of today. Id rather you didnt take those documents with you. Id rather you attended Professor Songs lecture next next week since you have been working on this subject for a few years. Id rather he hadnt done anything like that.,用其他方式表达的虚拟句。 如：with, without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, were it not for, given, provided, supposing等。 1. With your help, we could have finished the work on time. 2. I wouldnt have succeeded without your help. 3. But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night. 4. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.,考点八：含蓄虚拟条件句,第五章 倒装结构,考点一：全部倒装 知识点1：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或 者介词放在句首 1. Out rushed the children. 2. Down fell some apples.,知识点2：now, then, here, there 开头的句子，同时谓语为be, exist, come, go等表示静态的动词时。 1. Now comes your turn. 2. There goes the bell. 3. Then existed this kind of animal.,考点二：部分倒装,知识点1：当含有否定意义的词或短语 放在句首时，要用部分倒装。 not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, not only but also, under no circumstances,1. Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much. 2. Not until he came back did I leave. 3. On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.,知识点2: so / such that结构中以及 “to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首 1. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 2. So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.,知识点3：“only + 状语”放在句首时的倒装。 1. Only by working hard can you achieve your goal. 2. Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.,第六章 强调结构,考点：It is (was) + 被强调的部分that/who + 句子的其它部分 1. It is my uncle who is coming to visit us. 2. Its not you who are in trouble; but its I who am in trouble.,3. It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness. 4. It was at midnight that he came back home. 5. It was in the park that the two old friends ran into each other.,第七章 形容词,考点一：倍数表达法 N.+ times + 比较级+than N. + times + as as 1. This room is three times larger than that one. 2. This book is twice as thick as that one.,superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior（在