Verilog比较好的一篇教程.ppt

,Verilog,Matt Tsai,Verilog Application Introduction to Cadence Simulators Sample Design Lexical Conventions in Verilog Verilog Data Type and Logic System Structural Modeling Modeling Delay Using Compiler Controls Verilog Operators Behavioral Modeling Support for Verification Introduction to Using a Verilog Test Bench Modeling Memories High Level Constructs in Verilog User Defined Primitives Annotating SDF Timing,IEEE 1364-1995, IEEE 1364-2001 Behavioral: 無法看出電路特性 RTL:可以看出電路特性 (logic synthesis) Structural: bulit-in primitives,UDPs RTL and structural 可混合描述 Behavioral 和 RTL的區分要靠經驗,Behavioral for( ; ; ) for( ; ; ) . . .,RTL always (sl or a or b) if(!sl) out=a; else out=b;,Compilation(1) Initialization(2) Simulation(3) Verilog-XL simulator:Interpretive 不會有暫存檔(1)(2)(3)一次完成 NC Verilog simulator:compiled simulation ncviog(1) ncelab(2) ncsim(3) 當project很大時,只針對要修改部分重新compile即可 VHDL and Verilog可以作整合 Simulation algorithms Time-based(SPICE) Event-based(Verilog-XL and NC Verilog) Cycle-based(依照clock,更大的time-based),3-9,3-3,verilog mux.v testbench.v verilog f run.f The waveform display tool-signalscan Read data from database SHM database(非IEEE standard,only Cadence) VCD(Value Change Dump) database(IEEE standard),initial begin $shm_open(“lab.shm”); $shm_probe(“AS”); end,initial begin $dumpfile(“lab.dump”); $dumpvars(); end,3-17,4-26,3-27,Testbench-behavioral Procedural block Initial always,Template module testbench /Data type declaration /Instantiate modules /Apply stimulus /Display results endmodule,module testbench /Data type declaration reg a,b,sel; wire out; /Instantiate modules MUX2_1 mux(out,a,b,sel); /Apply stimulus initial begin a=0;b=0;sel=0; #5 b=0; #5 b=1;sel=1; #5a=1; $finish; end /Display results initial $monitor($time,”out=%b a=%b sel=%b”,out,a,b,sel); endmodule,4-15,Waveform database(SHM and VCD),$shm_open(“lab.shm”); $shm_probe(); $shm_close; $shm_save;,$dumpfile(lab.dump”); $dumpvars(); $dumpflush; $dumpoff; $dumppon; $dumplinit(); $dumpall;,include global.v verilog mux.v global.v timescale 1ns/100 ps Lumped delay nor n1(net1,a,b); or #3 o1(out,c,net1); Distributed delay nor #2 n1(net1,a,b); or #1 o1(out,c,net1); Module path delay Specify (A=O)=2; (A=O)=3; (A=O)=1; /state dependent path delay if(a) (b=x)=(5:6:7); /state dependent delay 無else的語法 Endspecify specify block,Inside code Command line,8-3,8-16,Selecting simulation delay mode,Command line +delay_mode_unit +delay_mode_zero +delay_mode_path +delay_mode_distributed,Inside code delay_mode_unit delay_mode_zero delay_mode_path delay_mode_distributed,Unit and zero delay modes: ignores all specify blocks, and reduces gate to unit or zero value. Distributed mode:ignores specify blocks, but leaves gate delays alone Path mode:ignores gate delays,but leaves specify blocks alone,Parallel connection (a,b = q,qb)=15; (a=q)=15; (b=qb)=15; Full connection (a,b * q,qb)=15; (a=q)=15; (b=q)=15; (a=qb)=15; (b=qb)=15;,Timing checks in Verilog(物理特性) Setup,hold,pulse width,clock period,skew,recovery SDF(Standard Delay Format) tool-independent text format for representing timing data Allows timing data to be shared between tools Interconnect delay 因製程技,使interconnection delay比gate delay大,下晶片需SDF File IOPATH delay A delay on legal path from an input port to an output port of a device,8-38,21-5,8-30,Using Compiler Controls,Vendor-supplied verilog libraries Simulating with verilog libraries Encrypting your verilog source code Additional simulator-specific topics,Modeling component libraries,To create verilog model libraries Model each component(or cell) as separate module Place related modules in either one file or one directory You can model the functionality of each cell at two levels Structural UDPs,combinational logic and simple sequential logic Behavioral Procedural block RAM,ROM,9-5,verilog test.v v lib.v 若無-v會全部compile 有-v用到才compile 也可無celldefine及-v,如一 般的file,verilog test.v y ./mylib +libext+and2.v 檔案名稱要和module名字相同 一個file內只能有一個module 這些files全部都要放在library directory,(Verilog model library directory),The uselib compiler directive(only Cadence),module adder(c_out,sum,a,b,c_in); Output c_out,sum; Input a,b,c_in; uselib dir=/libs/FAST_LIB/ SN7486 u1(half_sum,a,b); Uselib dir=/libs/TTL/ libext=.v file=/libs/TTL/udp.lib SN7408 u2 (half_c,a,b); SN7486 u2 (sumc,c_in,half_sum); SN7432 u2 (c_out,tmp,half_c); SN7486 u1(half_sum,a,b); /ERROR endmodule,9-18,Sizing and signing in Verilog,等號右邊一定是對的,指定到左邊時會自動truncate,module sign_size; reg 3:0 a,b; reg 15:0 c; reg 3:0 regb,rega,num; initial begin a=-1; /1111 b=8;c=8; #10 b=b+a; /10111-0111 end initial #30 num=regb%rega; /num的正負號和regb相同 endmodule,10-5,Equality operator =:assignment operator =:the equality operator(數值比對) 1=1 =:the identity operator(型態上) x=x val= rega= =regb; /rega=1,regb=1,val=1 val= rega= =regc; /rega=1,regb=x,val=x val= rega= =regc; /rega=z,regb=z,val=x val= rega= = =regb; /rega=x,regb=x,val=1 Conditional operator assign out= sel= = 2b00 ? a : sel= = 2b01 ? b : sel= = 2b10 ? c : d;,10-21,10-28,Concatenation new=regc4:3,regd7:5,regb2; Replication new= 4regb , 2regc ; Procedural block Behavioral modeling, not structural modeling Two type:initial , always It has the following component Procedural assignment statements High-level constructs(loops,conditional statements) Timing controls Procedural assignment Inside procedural blocks 等號左邊要reg才行,Procedural timing control # , , wait 所有的procedural blocks同時執行,always wait(set) begin (posedge clk) #3 q=1; #10 q=0; wait (!set); end,1.有可能會有race condition,但並非每次都會有race condition 2.race condition 是simulation 才會有,可以改變set信號再去 Simulation就可以了 3.實際電路不會,因本身就有delay了,11-39,Inter-assignment temp=b; (posedge clk) a=temp; Intra-assignment a = (posedge clk) b;,posedge clk 右邊算出 左右,右邊算出,暫存在b posedge clk 左右,Data,c,b,clk,Interc Intrab,Conditional statements if-else case If-else階層超過2層時會有判斷優先權順序的路出現,故改用case 若無else敘述,電路會變得很大 Continuous assignment (assign) Procedural block中不可用assign wire out; assign out=a /implicit,Verification system functions and tasks $time (64-bits) $stime (32-bits) $realtime (real number) $display $strobe $write $monitor Printing formatted time information $timeformat(,) $timeformat( -9 , 2, ”ns , 10 ); $display(“%t”,$realtime);,To read the current simulation time,To support text output,$write vs.$display: $display會自動換行 $strobe一定在event-query的最後面,initial begin #10 date=20; $strobe($time,data); /30 $display($time,data); /20 data=30; end,initial begin integer MCD1; /每個檔只有一個bit為1,有一個bit保留,故最多可以開31個檔 MCD1=$fopen(“lab.dat”); $fdisplay(MCD1,”system reset at time %d”,$time); $fwrite(MCD1,”system reset at time %d”,$time); $fstrobe(MCD1,”system reset at time %d”,$time); $fmonitor(MCD1,”system reset at time %d”,$time); $fclose(MCD1) end,File output,14-20,File input $readmemb $readmemh,reg 0:7 mema0:1023; readmemb(“mem_file.txt,mema);,0000_0000 0110_0001 0011_0010 /addresses 3-255 are not defined 100 /hex 1111_1100 3FF 1110_0010,mem_file.txt,00000000 01100001 00110010 11111100 11100010,0,256,1023,14-26,Design organization,Include files,Design files,File input: Simulus, Expect patterns,Vendor libraries,File output: Stimulus, result patterns,simulator,simulation,compilation,Include files,module clk_gen(clk); output clk; reg clk; include “common.txt” . endmodule,/common.txt parameter initial_clock=1; parameter period=1; parameter max_cyc=1; parameter sim_end=period * max_cyc; ,1. parameter獨立在某一檔案中,並且詳細說明 2. 改變parameter,重新compile即是新的design,Testbench給pattern的方式,In line Loop(behavioral),pattern要有規則 array,/in line initial fork data_bus=8h00; addr=8h3f; #10 data_bus=8h45; #30 addr=8h45; #60 $finish; join,/loop initial begin for( ; ; ) (negedge clk) stimulus=1; #20 $finish; end,/array initial begin #20 stimulus=stim_array0; #20 stimulus=stim_array1; #20 stimulus=stim_array2; end,Verilog task and function,Task:input,output,inout,timing Fuinction:input,return value,combinational,可建立自己的operator Function 一定在等號右邊,不一定要在procedural blcok中 Task:只能出現在procedural block中,always #5 clk=!clk; task ngg_clocks input 31;0 number_of_edges; repeat(number_of_edges) (negedge clk); endtask initial begin neg_clocks(3); end,module foo; input 7:0 loo; output 7:0 goo; wire 7:0 goo=test(loo); function 7:0 test input 7;0 bus; test=return_test; endfunction endmodule,17-7,不可synthesize,= uselib initial memory / Wait String (5-17) Named event (11-17),所有的module不一定有 I / O Port 名稱大小寫有差!但compiler會視為相同東西 宣告integer : Enter 旁的dot 宣告compiler directive : ESC 下的dot X unknown state is used for test Net is unconditional update ,Register is conditional update Define / Parameter difference (6-25) L & H state (7-11),User Define Primitive Verilog 可以加密! (9-36) 語法是 +autoprotected 或 protect endprotect Zero delay loop (8-11) Register array and memory addressing (6-30),Lab,Cadence: /cadence/bin/icfb verilog signalscan Synopsys: source synopsys.cshrc da &,#dollar setenv SYNOPSYS /usr/synopsys setenv LM_LICENSE_FILE 26585lsfcu setenv SYNOPSYS_KEY_FILE $SYNOPSYS/admin/license/key set path=(/usr/bin/X11 $SYNOPSYS/sparcOS5/syn/bin $SYNOPSYS/iview2/bin $SYNOPSYS/sos/bin $path) source $SYNOPSYS/admin/install/sim/bin/environ.csh alias da design_analyzer # define COSSAP environment variables for the COSSAP user (csh version) # SYNOPSYS software is installed in /usr/synopsys # setenv COSSAP_DIR /usr/synopsys/sparcOS5/cossap # setenv COSSAP_KEYS /usr/synopsys/admin/license/key # network wide writable file holding the netlist number # setenv COSSAP_NEWSIM_SIM /usr/synopsys/sparcOS5/cossap/admin/install/newsim.sim # the default COSSAP project is derived from the login directory # if (! $?COSSAP_PROJECT) setenv COSSAP_PROJECT basename $HOME # define the COSSAP PATH # set path = ( $COSSAP_DIR/bi