2018_2019学年高中英语Unit21HumanBiologySectionⅢLesson2Lesson3—Pre_reading学案.docx

Section Lesson 2 Lesson 3Pre-reading原文呈现Epidemics throughout historyWith recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past, Jim Smith looks through the history of epidemics for clues about what the future might hold.Since Bird Flu first appeared in 1997, it has taken more than a hundred lives. Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus.Bacteria and viruses have been around since the beginning of life on Earth and many of todays diseases have existed as long as humans have. It is important to look at the spread of diseases throughout history to discover the causes and effects of epidemics, and hopefully, foresee and prevent them in the future.读文清障press/pres/n.新闻界；报界parallel/prlel/n.极相似之处；平行线epidemic/epIdemIk/n.流行病look through看穿；审核，浏览take ones life夺走某人的生命tissue/tIu/n.组织die of死于(饥饿、寒冷、疾病等身体内部因素)die from死于(车祸、地震、战争等外界因素)adaptation/dpteIn/n.变化；变种as .是as引导的时间状语从句，从句中含有两个who引导的定语从句，先行词分别是scientists和people, that .是that引导的宾语从句。as long as在本句中意为“和一样长”。还可作连词用，表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句。it用作形式主语，代替不定式短语to look at .。look at此处表示“回顾”。throughout historyall over historycauses and effects因果foresee/fsi/vt.预见历史上的传染病病例第13段译文随着近期的媒体报道将禽流感与过去的一种致命传染病画上等号，吉姆史密斯回顾了传染病的历史以寻找关于将来可能发生的情况的线索。自从禽流感在1997年首次出现，它已经夺去一百多人的生命。许多人担心它会成为下一个全球性的传染病，特别是在一些科学家研究了死于1918年西班牙流感的人的尸体组织后，证明了禽流感是同一种病毒的现代变异体。自从地球上有了生命，便有了细菌和病毒。当今的很多疾病存在的时间和人类历史一样长。我们有必要回顾一下历史上疾病的传播情况，从而弄清楚传染病的起因和后果，并且希望将来能够预防它们的发生。One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire.This epidemic swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.Scientists now guess that up to 50% of the areas population died from this epidemic making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.In the 1330s, the epidemic returned, this time in Asia.It spread rapidly and became known as “The Black Death” as one symptom was black spots on the body. The conditions in much of Asia and Europe war, crowded cities and a lack of basic health routines provided the perfect conditions for the disease to spread worldwide.In urban areas all over Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, up to one half of the population was lost to the Black Death.on record正式记录的，公开发表的attempt to do试图做make an attempt to do sth./at doing sth.试图做某事rebuild/ribIld/vt.重建sweep through席卷；顺利通过up to达到(数量、程度等)；至多making it one of the main causes .是现在分词短语作结果状语。empire/empaI/n.帝国symptom/sImptm/n.症状as one symptom was black spots .是as引导的原因状语从句。crowded adj.拥挤的be crowded with挤满了a lack of缺乏，不足 for lack of由于缺乏，因缺乏routine/rutin/n.常规；惯例urban/bn/adj.城市的第47段译文历史上有记载的最早的传染病之一发生在公元500550年，当时的罗马皇帝正在试图重建罗马帝国。这次瘟疫席卷了北非、中东和欧洲。现在科学家们猜测，当时那一地区百分之五十的人口死于那场瘟疫，使之成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。14世纪30年代，这种瘟疫又爆发了，这次是在亚洲。疾病传播迅速，被人们称为“黑死病”，因为一个病症是病人身体上出现黑色斑点。当时亚洲和欧洲的大部分地区都陷入这样的状况战争频发，城市拥挤不堪，缺乏基本的健康体系，这种状况促进了瘟疫在全球范围内的蔓延。在欧洲、亚洲、非洲和中东的城市地区，有一半的人死于黑死病。Another epidemic that spread in similar conditions was the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, also called the Spanish Flu. It struck near the end of the First World War and left families mourning worldwide.Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history. More people died of the flu than died in the war. Yet, somehow， it was forgotten by history until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern.The SARS epidemic began in 2002 with a lung disease in Guangdong Province and spread quickly after Dr Liu Jianjun, the carrier， came to Hong Kong and passed the virus to people who carried it to Canada, Vietnam and Singapore.strike在此表示“爆发”。mourn/mn/vi.& vt.感到悲痛；表示哀悼left families mourning是“leave宾语宾补”结构，此处用现在分词作宾补。现在分词短语having killed .作原因状语。kill这一动作先于is believed动作发生，故用现在分词的完成式。a tendency to do sth.做某事的倾向strike在此表示“(疾病、灾害)侵袭，袭击”。rather than而不是Sb./Sth. be believed to . It is believed that .acute/kjut/adj.严重的；剧烈的somehow adv.不知怎么地，不知为什么concern nC，U关心的事，重要的事；关系，关联；担心，挂念carrier/kri/n.带菌者pass . to .把传递给pass down流传； pass on流传，传递； pass by经过； pass away消亡第810段译文另一次类似情况传播的传染病发作是1918年大流感，又被称为西班牙流感。它爆发于一战即将结束之时，使世界各地的许多家庭饱受丧亲之痛。西班牙流感在18个月的时间里夺去了多达5 000万人的生命，该病似乎专门袭击年轻力壮的人，而不是年迈之人，被认为是历史上最严重的传染病。被疾病夺去生命的人比在战争中丧生的人还要多。然而，不知什么原因它被历史遗忘了，直到最近“非典”成为人们关注的焦点。“非典”始于2002年广东省的一起肺部疾病，在病毒携带者刘建军医生到达香港后该病迅速传播，他将病毒传染给其他人，而这些人又将病毒带到加拿大、越南和新加坡。Over nine months, the number of global cases passed 8,000 and 774 people died. Although these statistics are much less impressive than those for the Spanish Flu, SARS was still very alarming for a few key reasons.No one really knew much about SARS as it was completely new.This meant that there were no prescription drugs or tablets to treat it and doctors were not sure how to prevent it either.Since most people had no natural defences against the disease, it was also harmful to the doctors and nurses treating SARS patients.Since the SARS epidemic ended，scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prohibit any future outbreaks. Modern communication technology and medical research techniques allow health experts all over the world to unite, share knowledge, and work together without pause to help put SARS behind us.Meanwhile，governments worldwide have also underlined the fact that thorough and systematic medical research on Bird Flu needs to lead to a cure as soon as possible. Countries will need to work together to do this as the SARS epidemic proved how teamwork among nations can save lives. With all the international effort being made， we have to have faith that there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks.case在此意为“事例，实例，病例，案例”。statistics/sttIstIks/n.统计资料；统计数字less impressive为比较级形式。alarming adj.惊人的，吓人的prescription/prIskrIpn/n.处方tablet/tblIt/n.药片how to prevent是“疑问词to do”结构，作宾语。treating SARS patients为现在分词短语作定语。since引导时间状语从句，主句用了现在完成进行时。trial/traIl/n.实验prohibit/prhIbIt/vt.禁止outbreak n爆发without pause不停地put behind放在后面，拒绝考虑；忘却meanwhile (meantime) adv.同时underline/ndlaIn/vt.表明重要性；强调that此处引导fact的同位语从句。thorough/r/adj.彻底的；细致的systematic/sIstmtIk/adj.系统化的lead to导致(to是介词)teamwork/timwk/n.协作；配合画线部分是“with名词现在分词”形式的with复合结构faith/feI/n.信心have faith in对有信心solutions to do sth.做某事的解决方案stop sth. in its tracks终止，消灭第1114段译文九个月后，全球的“非典”病例就超过了8 000例，死亡人数达到774人。虽然这些统计数字远远不及西班牙流感的数字那样令人震撼，但由于一些重要的原因，这次疾病的爆发还是给人们敲响了警钟。由于“非典”是一种全新的疾病，没有人真正了解它。这意味着没有医治它的处方或药物，医生也不知道如何预防“非典”。由于大多数人不具备对这种病的自然抗体，它对那些治疗非典病人的医护人员也有很大的危害。从“非典”疫情结束后，科学家们就在做治疗实验以防止它将来再次爆发。现代通讯技术和医学研究技术使全世界的医学专家们能够联合起来，分享知识，不停地通力合作，这有助于将“非典”抛弃在我们的身后。同时，世界各地的政府部门也强调对禽流感进行彻底的和系统化的医学研究，以便尽早发现治疗方法。因为“非典”疫潮证明了不同国家之间的合作能够挽救生命，各国需要通过合作来做到这一点。随着国际间的共同努力，我们应该相信人们会及时找到解决方案来彻底消灭禽流感。PrereadingPlease match the words with their proper meanings.1routineAto officially forbid something2foresee Ba usual or fixed way of doing things3underline Cto build something again that has been damaged or destroyed4mourn Dto delay an event or plan and decide that it should happen at a later date or time5rebuild Eto behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way6prohibit Fto join together as a group7postpone Ggreat trust or confidence in something or someone8unite Hto feel or express great sadness, especially because of someones death9faith Ito know about something before it happens10treat Jto emphasise15_610_答案：15BIJHC610ADFGELeadinLook at the pictures and answer the following questions.1It is May, 2009, in North America. Why are they wearing masks in the warm May?答案：Because_there_was_an_outbreak_of_A(H1N1)_flu_in_this_area.2What are the masks used for?答案：They_are_used_to_prevent_people_from_being_infected.3Besides A(H1N1), which of these diseases can be epidemics?AIDS, cancer, flu, headache, heart disease, stomachache答案：AIDS_and_flu.WhilereadingFastreading1Read the text to find how the text develops?AIn order of time.BIn order of space.CIn order of logic. DIn order of place.答案：A2Read the text again and arrange the sentences in the order of time.AOne of the earliest epidemics swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.BExperts united to stop SARS spreading.CThe Spanish Flu killed up to 50 million people in 18 months.DSARS caused 8,000 diseased and 774 killed.EThe reasons of “The Black Death” in the 1330s in Asia.答案：AECDBCarefulreading()True (T) or false (F)1Flu kills millions of people every year.()2Most diseases are very new.()3Epidemics have affected historical events.()4It takes years for a disease to spread worldwide.()5Epidemics can wipe out up to half of the population in urban areas.()答案：15TTTTT()Fill in the blanks according to the text.EpidemicsTimeEffectsBird FluIn 1997It has taken more than a hundred lives.Many people fear it could be the next global 1.epidemic.One of the earliest epidemics 2.on_recordAbout 500550 ADUp to 50% of the areas population died.It 3.swept through North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.The Black DeathIn the 1330sUp to one half of the population in urban areas 4.was_lost. It spread worldwide.The Spanish FluFrom 1918 to near the end of 5.the_First_World_WarIt was the most 6.acute epidemic in history and left families 7.mourning worldwide. 8.Having_killed up to 50 million people in 18 months.9.SARSIn 2002Over nine months, there were 774 deaths. It was 10.harmful to doctors and nurses as well.StudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1With recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past, Jim Smith looks through the history of epidemics for clues about what the future might hold.句式分析尝试翻译随着近期的媒体报道将禽流感与过去的一种致命传染病相提并论，吉姆史密斯查阅传染病的历史以寻找将来可能发生的情况的线索。2Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus.句式分析本句是复合句。especially as .是as引导的时间状语从句；本句中含有两个who引导的定语从句，分别修饰先行词scientists和people；that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus是that引导的宾语从句。尝试翻译许多人担心它会成为下一个全球性的传染病，特别是在一些科学家研究了死于1918年西班牙流感的人的尸体组织后，证明了禽流感是同一种病毒的现代变异体。.阅读理解ASpeed walking has now become part of my daily routine for six years.I am always keen to do it regularly without a break.Even though I am neither a physician nor a specialist in medical science, I am fully aware that exercise, especially speed walking, helps maintain health and lowers the chance of falling ill.I urge everybody to speed walk on a daily basis, with one day off a week, or at least to do it three times a week.I managed to burn around 17 kg of fat after taking up speed walking.This should also be accompanied with a change in diet.We need to reduce how much we eat and avoid junk food, sweets and carbonate drinks.Reducing the amount of food we eat in the evening by around 80 percent and increasing how much water we drink are also good practice.Overeating should also be avoided.I usually walk at a speed of 1 km per 8.5 minutes.It will initially make you tired.However, over time it will become a habit and an addiction.This type of exercise will help you mentally, will also help you sleep and give you an appetite.It will make you physically fit and help burn fat.Speed walking makes you healthy and everyone can find time to walk.The problem is that some people do not plan their days and do not, therefore, find time.We can gain health and social benefits from speed walking.It will help change our lifestyles, fight diabetes, obesity and other illnesses.Arguments such as “I am too old and obese to walk” do not hold_water.People of any age who speed walk will see the benefits within a couple of months.Walking outdoors is ideal and it is best done in the company of friends.语篇解读：本文是说明文。每天坚持快走被越来越多的人作为日常锻炼的一种方法。快走不仅可以减去身上多余的脂肪、走出好的身材，还可以预防疾病、走出健康。1What can be the best title for the passage?ABenefits of speed walkingBMy success in reducing weightCThe history of speed walkingDTips on how to keep healthy解析：选A标题归纳题。作者在文中介绍了快走的益处，并且通过自身的实例进行说明，故选A。2It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that _.Aspeed walking possibly leads to an eating disorderBmany people are too busy to have a fast walk every dayCmore calories and fat will result in serious illnessesDspeed walking can effectively cure kinds of diseases解析：选C推理判断题。依据第四段的第二句可知，快走有助于燃烧脂肪；依据尾句可知，快走会帮助改变我们的生活方式，有助于抵抗糖尿病、肥胖和其他疾病。由此可推知，过多的热量和脂肪会导致疾病发生。3What does the underlined part “hold water” mean?AHave a drink.BMake sense.CWork out. DBuild up.解析：选B词义猜测题。依据下文可知，不管多大年龄的人，在快走几个月后就会看到快走的益处。因此此处指那些人说自己太老太胖而不能快走是没有意义的。BMost of us are familiar with the “Silk Road”， a network of land trading routes which connected northwestern China to Europe since the Han dynasty.With its recent popularity, you may have heard of the “Tea Horse Road” as well, another network of land trading routes that also connected China to various parts of Asia and Europe before sailing became common.Historically, the “Tea Horse Road” is no less important than the “Silk Road”， and because of their different locations, the “Tea Horse Road” is sometimes referred to as “the Southern Silk Road”The “Tea Horse Road” has got its name as Chinese tea and horses were the main products traded along the route (together with medicine, salt, cloth and skins)Historians have traced the origins of the “Tea Horse Road” back to the Tang dynasty, when tea was being transported out of Yunnan to Beijing, Tibet, and other Southeast Asian countries.The “Tea Horse Road” was further developed during the Song and Ming dynasty, and remained a key trading route for Puer tea and other goods until the Qing dynasty.Like the “Silk Road”， the “Tea Horse Road” was not a “road” by itself, but a network of routes spreading out of Yunnans Puer County.In its more than 1,200 years of history, the “Tea Horse Road” served not only as a trading route, but also a bridge connecting different races (种族) politically, economically and culturally.Today, the “Tea Horse Road” is a hot spot for tourists.History aside, the “Tea Horse Road” is located near “The Third Pole of the Earth” and “The Roof of the Earth”， making it a spot of many attractions.语篇解读：本文是说明文。茶马古道是指存在于中国西南地区的民间国际商贸通道，是中国西南民族经济文化交流的走廊，也是早期沟通中国西南地区和亚欧商贸的重要通道。4What do we know about the “Tea Horse Road”？AIt dates back to the Tang dynasty.BIt was built earlier than the “Silk Road”CIt was built for trading in Southern China.DIt enjoyed greater popularity than the “Silk Road”解析：选A细节理解题。由第二段“Historians have traced the origins of the Tea Horse Road back to the Tang dynasty .”可知，茶马古道是从唐朝时开始的。5Where is the starting point of the “Tea Horse Road”？ATibet. BBeijing.CPuer County. DEurope.解析：选C细节理解题。由第三段“.but a network of routes spreading out of Yunnans Puer County.”可知，茶马古道的起点是中国云南的普洱县。6The “Tea Horse Road” is now most popular with _.Abusinessmen BexplorersChistorians Dtourists解析：选D细节理解题。由最后一段“Today, the Tea Horse Road is a hot spot for tourists.”可知，茶马古道现在是深受旅游者青睐的景点。CIf you need one more reason to be thankful, here it is.One recent study from the University of California San Diegos School of Medicine found that people who were more grateful actually had better heart health.“They showed better wellbeing, a less depressed mood, less tiredness and they slept better，” said the studys author, Paul JMills.Researchers at the universities of Utah and Kentucky observed that stressedout law students who characterized themselves as optimistic actually had more diseasefighting cells (细胞) in their bodies.Robert Emmons, a professor at UC Davis, said theres even more evidence.People who keep a gratitude journal have a reduced fat intake as much as 25 percent lower.Stress hormones (激素) like cortisol are 23 percent lower in grateful people.And having a daily gratitude practice could actually reduce the effects of aging to the brain.“Being thankful has such a big effect because of the feelings that go along with it，”Emmons said.“Gratitude works because it recruits other positive emotions (情绪) that have direct physical benefits.”Research shows that when we think about what we appreciate, the calming part of the nervous system works and that can have protective benefits on the body.“Some people may not be grateful by nature but it is a habit you can get used to，”said Dr.Norman Rosenthal, a doctor and author of Winter Blues.“One very good way is being aware of comparing up.It almost always leads to unhappiness because you can always find a person who is more advantaged than you are.”Norman says all you have to do is think about being grateful.“Some people say they dont have anything to be grateful for，”Norman said.“If you take such a person to find one little thing to be grateful for and focus on that, you find over time that the feeling of gratitude can change the way they see their lives.”语篇解读：本文是说明文。研究表明感激不但使我们有好的人际关系，而且对我们的健康大有好处。7How does the author mainly explain the reason to be thankful?ABy presenting research findings.BBy making comparisons.CBy analyzing causes.DBy giving examples.解析：选A推理判断题。第二、三、四段列举了各个实验、证据解释了我们为什么要感激。8Why does the author mention law students in Paragraph 3?ATo advise us to be optimistic.BTo