外文翻译-世界煤炭液化技术进展与我国对策

原文：World coal liquefaction technology progress and the policy of China 1.The concept of coal liquefaction coal liquefaction is the concept of solid coal through chemical machining process, to make it into liquid fuels and chemical raw materials and products of advanced clean coal technologies. According to various processing line and the liquefied coal liquefaction can be divided into direct and indirect liquefaction two categories. The direct coal liquefaction technology refers to the high temperature and high pressure conditions, hydrogenation of coal through the complex organic structures directly into liquid fuels technology, also known as hydrogenation liquefaction. The typical process includes mainly coal crusher with the dry coal slurry preparation, hydrogenation liquefaction, solid-liquid separation, gas purification, Liquid products fractionation and refining, gasification and liquefaction residue to produce hydrogen, and other parts of the characteristics of the coal requirements more stringent, However, high thermal efficiency, high yield of liquid products. Under normal circumstances, 1t dry, ash-free coal can be transformed into a half tons of liquefied oil, hydrogen production from coal with about three-four t raw materials 1t refined oil products, Liquefaction during provide quality oil processed to produce cleaner quality of gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel. The indirect coal liquefaction technology is the first full gasification of coal into synthetic gas, Then coal-based synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) as raw materials, to a certain temperature and pressure. its catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon fuel and chemical raw materials and products of technology, including coal gasification system from syngas, Purification and gas exchange, catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon products and product separation and processing restructuring process. Under normal circumstances, about 5 7t to 1t coal refined oil products, coal is characterized by widely applicable, the total efficiency of low investment.2. Chinas need for coal liquefaction1) in the foreseeable future, Chinas coal-based energy structure will not change with the majority of the worlds countries. Chinas energy resources is characterized by abundant coal resources, and oil and gas relatively limited. The latest data shows that Chinas proven reserves of coal to 114.5 billion t, reserve-production ratio of 93, according to the same heat, equivalent to the current proven oil and gas reserves total 17 times. Proven oil reserves of 38 billion tons, accounting for fossil energy proven reserves of 5.6%, the reserve-production ratio of 24. Proven recoverable gas reserves of 1.37 trillion m3, accounting for fossil energy proven reserves of 2%, the reserve-production ratio of 56. This shows that coal is Chinas future may depend on the energy. Furthermore, from an economic point of view, coal is the cheapest source of energy. China is a developing country, but also energy consuming nation, economic strength and the energy supply call for Chinas energy consumption must be based on domestic supply of energy, This means Chinas energy structure should be based on coal as the main players. It is projected that by 2050, coal in Chinas energy consumption will remain the proportion accounted for around 50%. The large-scale use of coal, causing serious environmental pollution problem. Chinas SO2 emissions ranked first in the world, acid rain coverage over the land area to 30% Global emissions of carbon dioxide emissions account for 13% of the listed second in the world, of which the coal SO2, CO2 emissions and hydroxides were about the national total of 85%, 85% and 60%. Chinas coal-based energy consumption structure is facing severe challenges. How to solve the pollution caused by coal-fired issues are fast approaching. 2) Oil imports rising rapidly, on the security of energy supply poses a threatOil is a threat to the protection of national economic lifeline and political security of the important strategic commodities . Our oil resources are relatively scarce and that time now, its proven recoverable reserves of 38 billion tons, accounting for the worlds reserves of 2.6%. In recent years, Chinas crude oil output has been hovering between 160 million t%, and there will not be much future growth, This is determined by Chinas oil resources and the distribution of development determined by the status quo. However, with the economic development and improving the peoples living conditions, end-use energy consumption in China is gradually to the quality and efficient clean energy conversion, oil consumption has increased. Since oil can not meet domestic demand, dependence on imported oil is getting higher and higher. Since 1993 became a net importer of oil, oil imports have risen rapidly 2000 has reached 69.69 million t, the degree of dependence on oil imports reached 30%, anticipated in the next 20 years could reach 50%. Of the surge in imports, the increased dependence, the energy supply in China pose a threat to security. 3) Coal liquefaction can increase the liquid fuel supply capacity, the coal industry is conducive to the sustainable developmentCoal can be liquefied by sulfur and other harmful elements in the ash removal, the secondary access to clean energy, optimizing energy structure terminals, reducing pollution is of great strategic significance.Coal liquefaction to produce quality petrol, diesel and aviation fuel, especially aviation fuel, unit volume demand for the high-calorie, asking cycloparaffins and high oil and coal liquefaction is characterized by rich cycloparaffins. through hydrotreating can enjoy high quality aviation fuel. Development of coal liquefaction can not only solve environmental pollution caused by coal-fired, make full use of Chinas rich coal resources, coal industry to ensure the sustainable development meet future growth in energy demand, but more importantly, Coal liquefaction can produce the applicable fuel economy, a large number of alternatives to diesel, petrol and other fuels, effectively solve the shortage of oil supply and oil supply security, and economic inputs and operating costs are lower than oil imports, This will be conducive to Chinas clean energy development and the long-term security of energy supply3. Chinese coal liquefaction Situation and Prospects 3.1 Coal liquefaction technologyDomestic coal liquefaction technology research institutions are two : First, the Coal Science Research Institute. responsible for direct coal liquefaction technology and the introduction of the study, another Academy Shanxi by coal rank. responsible for the indirect liquefaction technology research and development. First, the Coal Science Research Institute, responsible for direct coal liquefaction technology and the introduction of the study, another Academy Shanxi by coal rank. responsible for the indirect liquefaction technology research and development. 1) direct liquefaction China from the late 1970s began direct coal liquefaction technology research and research, its purpose is coal production of gasoline, diesel and other transportation fuels and chemical raw materials such as aromatics. Coal Science Research Institute through the June 5 to 95 and the international scientific and technological cooperation, includes Japan, Germany introduced two sets of small direct liquefaction experiments devices from the United States to introduce a Quality liquefied oil processing test device scale were 0.1 t / day, and built with advanced materials and product analysis test equipment. After nearly 20 years of a pilot study to identify the 14 species suitable for the direct liquefaction of coal in China; elected the five species of activity is higher, with the worlds advanced level of catalyst; completed a four coal technology test, for the development of Chinas coal suitable for the direct coal liquefaction process laid the foundation; the success of Coal Liquefaction crude oil processed into qualified petrol, diesel and aviation kerosene. At present, coal products have been qualified to the whole process has to work, direct coal liquefaction technology in China have completed a basic study To further enlarge and construction of industrial production plants to lay a solid foundation. 2) indirect liquefaction China from the early 1950s that began indirect coal liquefaction technology, Jinzhou has conducted 4,500 t / year of indirect coal liquefaction pilot, found after the termination of the Daqing Oilfield. Since the 1970s, the two oil crises, and the rich coal less oil, the energy structure of the series. Ever since the early 1980s, has returned to the indirect liquefaction of coal synthetic fuel technology, Shanxi by the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized the implementation of coalification. July 5, which opened in Shanxi coal rank of coal-based synthetic fuel technology has been listed as a national key scientific and technological projects. 1989 on behalf of the county completed a fertilizer plant experimental. Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the state and the Shanxi provincial government investment over 2,000 million Jincheng in the establishment of a fertilizer plant with an annual production capacity of 2,000 tons of gasoline industrial testing equipment, to produce a 90 petrol. On this basis, the annual output of 100,000 tons of synthetic petrol technology. Currently, 10,000-ton coal-based synthetic fuel technology software development and integration study is ongoing, From the beginning of the 1990s study for the synthetic diesel cobalt-based catalyst technology is now in the testing stage. After 20 years of development and research, China already has the building of 10,000-ton scale production of the technical reserves, in key technologies and catalyst research and development has to have its own intellectual property rights. Can say that our own research and development of coal liquefaction technology has reached the worlds advanced level. 3.2 ongoing liquefaction project Nearly two years, As international oil prices have risen and the contradiction between oil supply and demand become more acute, and building commercial coal liquefaction plant model has been included in the relevant departments of the Chinese governments agenda. Meanwhile enterprises to build coal liquefaction plants are also enthusiastic unprecedented. 1997-2000, the Beijing Research Institute of Coal Science coalification difference with Germany, Japan, U.S. authorities and agencies in cooperation with the Yunnan Xianfeng lignite. Shenhua Coal and Heilongjiang gotten direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant (pre-) feasibility study. At present, the State Development Planning Commission had formally approved the divine China mine construction of direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant project, an oil project of the oil production capacity of 2.5 million t / year, with an annual consumption of about 17 million t. Currently, Shenhua Corporation is speeding up the preliminary works programs and feasibility studies. In addition, the vanguard of Yunnan, Heilongjiang Yilan, Pingdingshan in Henan, Zhalainuoer Inner Mongolia coal liquefaction project of the preliminary work has been basically completed, has entered the establishment phase. In addition, Guizhou, Shandong, Shanxi, Ningxia, and other provinces is in the midst of coal and coal liquefaction pilot in the early stage of research. The indirect liquefaction, the beginning of this year, CAS Shanxi by coal rank and Link Energy Limited on the smooth formation of a common laboratory synthetic oil agreement Even with the company for the Shanxi Coal Chemical Technical Research and Development funded 15 million yuan, key technology for the research and development of relevant technologies, and ultimately with 3 -5 years of Shuozhou in Shanxi built an annual output of 150,000 t liquefaction synthetic oil indirect liquefaction plants. April, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Shanxi provincial government signed the development of an indirect coal liquefaction Shanxi Synthetic industry framework agreement, According to the agreement, in the next 5 -10 years, Shanxi Province will be their advantage in coal resources to rely on, industrial sector through the partnership, through investment and social forms of financing, Datong and Shuozhou in several large coal completed between 1 million tons of coal-based Synthetic core, polygeneration large enterprise groups. 3.3 Chinese coal liquefaction industry prospect of social energy, The basis for economic development. Optimizing the structure of energy consumption, security of energy supply is the limits of Chinas economic development, achieving middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries of the important strategic objectives support and content. With Chinas rapid economic development, how to play an effective coal resources, optimizing energy structure, solve the oil shortage and the resulting energy security issues, and has aroused the Chinese government attach great importance to it. Chinas abundant coal resources, lignite, a low rank coal and the substantial proportion of high-sulfur coal. If the direct use of these coal as a low heat value, poor quality, heavy pollution has been largely restricted, the market demand for increasingly shrinking. Conversely, low metamorphic coal and coal also vulnerable to liquefaction, coal liquefaction of coal optimization. It is estimated that Chinas coal reserves, which can only be used for the direct liquefaction of the resources of more than 50 million t. Therefore, the abundant domestic coal resources for the foundation, vigorously develop the coal liquefaction technology, achieving commercial production, and eventually form a new energy into the coal industry, the balance of Chinas energy structure, solve the shortage of oil has great strategic significance, the industry is optimistic about prospects. In addition, from a technical point of view, Chinas coal liquefaction technology, after decades of the introduction and assimilation, experimental research and self-development, has become more and more mature. Which indirect coal liquefaction technology has reached the international advanced level in some key technologies, catalysts for the development of self-owned intellectual property. Although direct coal liquefaction only engaged in small test, from the large-scale commercial application there is a considerable distance. But the developed countries with large-scale pilot plant has been in operation for many years, has now basically have the industrial production conditions, but these countries to participate in China coal liquefaction projects, the enthusiasm is very high. From the cost of production, according to the Coal Science Research Institute of Chinese gods, Pioneer, Yilan direct coal liquefaction demonstration projects done feasibility studies and by the Shanxi Coal Chemical Shuozhou indirect coal liquefaction project made possible research, direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction of the fuel production costs were lower than 20 U.S. dollars / barrel, far below the OPEC oil price in the future 25-30 U.S. dollars / barrel to the target value. show good market competitiveness. From the market demands, China is a big oil consuming countries, oil imports growing 2000 has reached 70 million t, but the next year will be 10 million t of exports hence the market is guaranteed. From the national policies, substituting oil with coal is Chinas long-term energy policy an important component of the Central and local governments fully support the coal oil technology, which coal liquefaction is coal oil one of the main techniques. China has put development of the coal liquefaction included in the state 15 development planning, Central leaders of the coal liquefaction technology is an important development and support. From a social basis, many coal enterprises in China is very concerned about the coal liquefaction technology industry development, coal liquefaction project to the enthusiasm high, and many enterprises have completed a large number of prospects, China so as to the industrialization of coal liquefaction process played a role. Evidently, Chinese coal industry is optimistic about prospects for the market are very broad. Development of coal liquefaction in China coal as a sustainable industrial development and mitigate the deterioration of the environment, optimizing the energy structure, solving the shortage of oil, guarantee the security of energy supply one of the most effective ways in the next 10 years will be rapid development. Experts predict that the 15 period, China will build a 1 -2 Block commercial direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant and an indirect liquefaction demonstration plant in 2006 and 2010, China will build a number of coal liquefaction plants, coal liquefaction industry will basically formed译文世界煤炭液化技术进展与我国对策1煤炭液化的概念 煤炭液化是把固体煤炭通过化学加工过程，使其转化成为液体燃料、化工原料和产品的先进洁净煤技术。根据不同的加工路线，煤炭液化可分为直接液化和间接液化两大类。煤的直接液化技术是指在高温高压条件下，通过加氢使煤中复杂的有机化学结构直接转化成为液体燃料的技术，又称加氢液化。其典型的工艺过程主要包括煤的破碎与干燥、煤浆制备、加氢液化、固液分离、气体净化、液体产品分馏和精制，以及液化残渣气化制取氢气等部分，特点是对煤种要求较为严格，但热效率高，液体产品收率高。一般情况下，1t无水无灰煤能转化成半吨以上的液化油，加上制氢用煤约34t原料产1t成品油，液化油在进行提质加工后可生产洁净优质的汽油、柴油和航空燃料等。煤的间接液化技术是先将煤全部气化成合成气，然后以煤基合成气（一氧化碳和氢气）为原料，在一定温度和压力下，将其催化合成为烃类燃料油及化工原料和产品的工艺，包括煤炭气化制取合成气、气体净化与交换、催化合成烃类产品以及产品分离和改制加工等过程。一般情况下，约57t原煤产1t成品油，其特点是适用煤种广、总效率较低、投资大。2中国发展煤炭液化的必要性1）在可预见的将来，中国以煤为主的能源结构不会改变与世界大多数国家相比，中国能源资源特点是煤炭资源丰富，而石油、天然气相对贫乏。最新资料表明，中国煤炭探明储量为1145亿t，储采比为93，按同等发热量计算，相当于目前已探明石油和天然气储量总和的17倍。石油探明储量为38亿t，占我国化石能源探明储量的5.6%，储采比为24。天然气探明可采储量为1.37万亿m3，占化石能源探明储量的2%，储采比为56。由此可见，煤炭是中国未来的主要可依赖能源。此外，从经济上看，煤炭也是最廉价的能源。我国是发展中国家，又是能源消费大国，经济实力和能源供应都要求我国的能源消费必须立足于国内的能源供应，这就决定