商业英语入门chapter3.ppt

Business English,Production & Quality Management,Learning Objectives,Define production, manufacturing and operations. Describe production processes Explain planning operations Discuss controlling operations Summarize modern production issues and techniques,Question,How do you make dumpling? Can you describe the whole process-how to prepare, what ingredients are needed, how to make them the final products?,Comparing 3 Definitions,Production Manufacturing Operations,Production & Operation,Productionthe process of transforming inputs (raw materials) into outputs (goods & services) tangible goods (recognizable physical products) intangible service (hospital, airline etc.),Production & Operation,Manufacturingone part of production tangible goods by hand or with machinery,Production & Operation,Operationsthe functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions enacted to carry out a strategic plant. Purchasing materials management Production inventory and quality control maintenance and manufacturing engineering plant management,The Nature of Production Process,input,transformation,output,material inputs,human inputs,other inputs,production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output,The final result of the production process,People Technology Equipment Materials Capital Information,Work activities Management activities Technology and operations methods,Finished goods & services Financial results Information Human results,Plant Location,Customer location Source of raw materials Labor supply Power and water Community consideration,Take Tianjin Univ. as an example, please identify what are the inputs, transformation process and outputs?,Inputs,Professors Books Academic journals Audiovisual materials Computers Classrooms,teachers work activities management activities the teaching technology and methods,Transformation Process,Outputs,To transform “unenlightened” students into educated and skilled individuals.,Processes,Parts,People,Planning and Control Systems,The 5 Ps in OM,Plants,Operations Management,Controlling Operations,Planning operations,Planning Operations,Capacity planning Facilities location planning Process planning Facilities layout planning,Aggregate plan Master scheduling Material requirements planning (MRP),Capacity planning,Facilities Location Planning,Where you choose to locate will depend on which factors have the greatest impact on total production and distribution costs.,Factors influencing plant location,proximity to customers (perishable, heavy or bulky items) proximity to suppliers (perishable items or products with high transportation costs),availability of needed labor skills (labor costs) (highly skilled people are needed) energy costs (requiring a great of energy ) community consideration (low taxes, fine educational systems, clean water, etc.),Process planning,Production line producing production line workers,Production Processes,Synthetic processeither converts raw materials into other products or combines raw materials or parts into a finished product Process manufacturingphysically or chemically changes materials Assembly processputs together components to make a product Analytic process,Continuous process (连续性加工） Intermittent process （间歇式加工）,mass-production Long production run chemical plant,Flexible Short production run Job-order production customer-designed,Identify the following processes?,Crude oil is reduced to Gasoline, wax, fuel,Analytic process,In fabric industry, materials are changed by chemical and heat process before being formed,Synthetic process,Process manufacturing,Layout planning begins by assessing space needs. Space has to be provided for work areas, tools and equipment, storage, maintenance facilities, rest rooms, offices, lunch areas and cafeterias, waiting rooms, even parking lots.,process layout product layout fixed-position layout,Three work flow layouts,It arranges components ( such as work centers, equipment, or departments) together according to similarity of function.,Process layout,The components are arranged according to the progressive steps by which the product is made. progressive: adj 渐次的, 渐进的,Product layout,It is used when the product remains at one location because of its size. The product stays in place, and tools, equipment, and human skills are brought to it.,Fixed-position layout,Materials management,MRPmaterials requirements planning a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time,MRP II,Manufacturing Resources Planning,Advance version of MRP,All resources involved in the efficient making of a product, more than just material requirements,Projected sales Personnel Plant capacity Distribution limitation,Materials management,ERPenterprise resource planning a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.,ERP,Enterprise resources planning,The latest version of MRP,Computer-based production and operations system,Controlling Operations,purchasing control inventory Control maintenance control cost control quality control,Purchasing,the function in the company that searches for quality material resources, locates the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for quality goods and services,Management must monitor :,Delivery Performance Quality Quantity Price of inputs from suppliers,Inventory Control,Inventory: a list of goods and materials held available in the stock.,Manufacturer Distributor Wholesaler,warehouse,retailer,shop,inventory,a list of goods and materials held available in stock. materials and components or raw materials scheduled for use in making a product materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished products finished products that are ready for sale to customers Efficiency is maintained by having the supplier linked by computer to the producer.,III. Maintenance Control,Delivering goods or services efficiently & effectively,high equipment use minimum amount of downtime,direct costs,Salaries and insurance expenses,Labor and materials costs,Cost Control,incurred in proportion to the output of good or service,indirect costs,unaffected by changes in output,Cost:,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts,Program Evaluation and Review Technique Steps: analyzing and sequencing tasks that need to be done estimating the time needed to complete each task drawing a PERT network illustrating the information from step 1 and 2 identifying the critical paththe sequence of tasks that takes the longest time to complete,Modern Production Techniques,Computer techniques,flexibility,speed,Flexible Manufacturing Systems,are totally automated production centers that include robots, automatic materials handling equipment, and computer-controlled machine tools that can perform a variety of functions to produce different products.,Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing,to help in the design of products (CAD) to involve computers directly in the production process (CAM) CAEcomputer-aided engineering: the designing and analysis of products, the programming of robots and machine tools, the designing of moulds and tools, and the planning of the production process and quality control.,Lean Manufacturing,is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production A company becomes lean by continuously increasing its capacity to produce high-quality goods while deceasing its need for resources.,Productivity,the amount of products or services produced with the resources used. Output can be measured in terms of: volume quantity of items produced dollar value of items produced,Productivity,Manufacturing businesses: using output per worker-hour or number of worker-hours required to produce a single product. Service industries: on the number of tasks performed or the number of customers processed per given period of time quality standards, deadlines, etc.,Productivity,Sales performance The volume of sales per given unit of time The number of calls made upon existing accounts The number of new accounts opened The amount expected per sale,JIT Production,Just-in-time: a term coined to describe the Toyota production system, widely recognized today as one of the most efficient manufacturing operations in the world. JIT requires only necessary units be provided in necessary quantities at necessary times.,JIT Production,JITs mandateeliminate waste Flexible resources Multifunctional workers perform more than one job General-purpose machines perform several basic functions. Cellular layouts Manufacturing cells are comprised of dissimilar machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts.,JIT Production,Pull production system relies on customer requests prevents overproduction and underproduction; only necessary quantities are produced Kanban (card) production control contains basic information such as part number, brief description, type of container, unit load (quantity per container), preceding station (where it came from), and subsequent station (where it goes to).,JIT Production,Small-lot production Requires less space and capital investment Quality problems are easier to detect Lower inventory levels Quick setups Internal setup can be performed only when a process is stopped; it cannot take place until the machine has finished with the previous operation. External setup can be performed in advance, while the machine is running.,JIT Production,Uniform production levels Smoothing the production requirements on the final assembly line Reduce variability with more accurate forecasts. Reduce variability by smoothing demand Quality at the source Smaller lot sizes encourage quality,JIT Production,Total productive maintenance Combines the practice of preventive maintenance with the concepts of total qualityemployee involvement, decisions based on data, zero defects, and a strategic focus. Supplier networks,Quality Management,Quality is a Journey, not a Destination,What is Quality?,Quality is “fitness for use” (Joseph Juran) Quality is “conformance to requirements” (Philip B. Crosby),Quality Management,What is quality? The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs. by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC),Quality from the consumers perspective,For manufactured products Performance Features Reliability Conformance Durability Serviceability Aesthetics Safety Other perceptions,Quality from the consumers perspective,For services Time and timeliness Completeness Courtesy Consistency Accessibility and convenience Accuracy responsiveness,The Meaning of Quality,Producers Perspective,Consumers Perspective,Quality of Conformance Conformance to Specifications Cost,Quality of Design * Quality Characteristics * Price,Fitness for Consumer Use,Production,Marketing,Evolution of Quality Management,Quality Control,Quality Assurance,TQM,Inspection,TQM,Quality Control,Measurement against standards Done at the end of the production line Detect defective output rather than prevent,Quality Assurance,Quality characteristics & standards: Customer preferences Technical specifications Marketing suggestions Competitive products,Total Quality Management,represents a set of management principles that focus on quality improvement as the driving force in all functional areas and at all levels in a company customer-oriented, leadership, strategic planning, employee responsibility, continuous improvement, cooperation, statistical methods, and training and education,What Is TQM?,Continuous improvement Employee involvement Customer satisfaction Low