阅读理解二节阅读七选五分析及教学建议.pptVIP

阅读理解第二节 （阅读七选五） 分析及教学建议,广州市教育研究院 镇祝桂 ,从小学六年级的语文作业（排序）所想到的： （ ）我的家住在江南的一个小镇里。 （ ）小溪的两边，错落有致地分布着一个个小院落。 （ ）花香鸟语，潺潺流水，给小镇增添了无穷乐趣。 （ ）一条清澈的小溪从远方流进小镇中心，又默默地 流出。 （ ）院落前后，随处可见一丛丛花草和一株株高大的 树，那是鸟雀的天堂。,主位、述位概念,主 述 位 Theme & Rheme Theory,主 位,述 位,主 位 + 述 位,已知信息 Starting point : given information,已知信息+新信息 以旧带新,新信息 New information,主位推进模式“类型”,3. 派生主位推进模式-同一主位贯穿于其后语义紧密相联的句子中,我们都应该为西部大开发做贡献，我们是新时期青年，我们责无旁贷。,2.连贯主位模式-第一句的述位成为以后各句的主位,小林很喜欢这只小狗。小狗浑身雪白。这白色从远处看来就像一团雪绒花。,1.简单线性主位化推进模式-第一句的述位成为第二句的主位,爱迪生发明了电灯。电灯给我们带来了光明。电灯使我们不再惧怕黑暗。,研读: 1. 2016年广州一模作文 Im doing a project on how British and Chinese students spend their winter holidays. In China, the winter vacation is usually about twenty days long. It falls during the Chinese New Year, so most students take part in different Spring Festival activities, such as visiting family, eating lots of foods, and most importantly, getting lucky money! During the holiday many students will also go travelling with their parents. Unfortunately they cant travel for long though because Chinese students always have a lot of homework to do during this break. Many must even attend special holiday classes.,2016年广州一模作文,研读: 2. 2012年广东高考书面表达范文,Allan Stewart, of Australian nationality, was born on March 7th, 1915. He got his first degree in1936, and them his second degree of Doctor of Medicine. He believes that one is never too old to challenge himself. Therefore, in his eighties, he decided to study law, and in 2006 he set a world record for becoming the oldest person to get a masters degree. Because he was good at arranging his study time, he got praise from his teacher, and in 2012 he managed to get his fourth degree by network learning.,The and rheme theory,My father just bought a new houseThere are four bedrooms and two bathroomsI can see the garden behind the house from my bedroom windowMy father has planted fruit trees in the garden,My father just bought a new houseIn the house，there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house In the garden my father has planted fruit trees,语段对比,缺乏主述位意识， 内容松散，语段不自然。,My father bought a new house In the house，there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house In the garden my father has planted fruit trees,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,rheme,篇章浑然一体,语 段自然流畅,主位推进模式,用主述位推进原理填空： Mary likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. _is that she has more privacy in a home. _is that it is easy to study in a private home. _is,The first reason,The second,The third,1.An English speaking contest will be held. The Students Union organizes the contest.,2. An English speaking contest will be held. It is organized by the Students Union.,3. An English speaking contest will be held, which is organized by the Students Union.,4. An English speaking contest will be held, organized by the Students Union.,用主述位推进原理改写句子：,Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 . Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.,2015年全国卷,Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. 37. Its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.,培养语篇意识 （How is an idea worded?） Example: （小语篇） The pressure on the students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. The other part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.,Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”,2016全国卷I,A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.,38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.,A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.,中心词,一、为何考？,课程标准对阅读能力，写作能力以及阅读能力评价三个方面的部分要求：学生“能识别不同文体的特征”，掌握“理解文章结构”，“理解指代关系”，“理解逻辑关系”等14项阅读技能，“能理解语言结构有一定难度或有一定新语言现象的文段”，“能区分主要观点、事实与一般支撑性事实，能辨识文段主旨的发展脉络”，“能分辨和理解文段、语篇中主要信息及观点的逻辑组织结构，了解各部分相互关系”，并“能写出语意连贯，结构完整，文体规范的短文”。 “考试大纲”对于阅读的要求 ：“要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能： （5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）” 语言学习的需要：要求考生不但具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的知识，而且要有辩证、综合、分析、归纳方面的逻辑思维能力。这一题型能提高阅读能力和写作能力，更能促进思维能力的发展。,二、怎样考？,命题时，选取一篇结构规范、内容连贯、逻辑线索清晰的短文（300词左右），从中挖出5个句子设空。将这5个句子连同2个干扰性句子，形成7个选项。 要求考生根据上下文的词汇、内容以及篇章结构，理解上下文的逻辑关系，弄清楚文章的主旨和段落主题、作者的写作意图，从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使填入选项后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯。所选的答案是段落中的一句话（或者是段落的小标题）或者是段落中的主题句。,三、考什么？（1）,三、考什么？（2）,这些年高考所涉及的文章都是结构比较清晰的说明文，其中以“建议”为内容的说明文为主。所选材料都是学生比较熟悉的话题。除2013年的考题外，其余年的考题都是主题段（1-2段）加上分述段（3-4段）的结构模式，分述段分述各种建议或者步骤。文章的第一句都没有设空，有几年的第一题就设在第二句。考点设置在主题段支撑句，分述段的小标题、主旨句或者是分述段的支撑句，有体现句子之间的承接关系、并列关系、转折关系、总述关系以及上下义关系，同时也有体现词汇重复的两种方式：简单重复方式及复杂重复方式。 各年难度有波动，体现命题者对难度的调整。每年均有1-2个题较难。2013-2015的难度较大。,四、阅读填空的知识与能力要求（1）,语篇方面的知识与能力： （1）文本特征 （如文章的标题与小标题，斜体字、黑体字、不同字体、下划线的使用，点列，图表，图片等的使用）。 （2）语篇中的词汇模式（承上、搭配、与词汇衔接）词汇衔接方式（重复、泛指、相似性、分类关系、组合搭配）。 （3）作者提纲思想发展的逻辑性（文章各段落间的先后关系，段落扩展的方式，段落的结构例如主题句、过渡句、总结句，段落的特点（单义段，多义段）等。 （4）结构衔接（结构衔接和指称衔接，替代，省略，同构关系等） （5）逻辑连接（添加、转折、因果、时空；详述、延伸、增强） （6）语篇的宏观结构（叙述语体结构“情景-问题-解决-评估”模式；辩论语体结构（五种）；科技语体结构“目的-提出建议/介绍研究步骤/叙述结果/显示图表/说明意义”等）,四、阅读填空的知识与能力要求（2）,写作方面的知识与能力： （1）句子写作的知识（句子的类型、句子的统一与连贯）。 （2）段落写作的知识（段落的统一、连贯与过渡；段落的发展方式，如时间、空间、过程、举例、对比与比较、因果、分类、定义等）。 （3）篇章写作的知识（篇章组织的一些原则；篇章开头结尾的方式；文章体裁等）。 总之：对语篇结构特征的识别与解读； 对语篇文本特征的识别与解读； 对语篇语言特征的识别与解读； 对语篇逻辑与内容（连贯与衔接）的识别与解读,对语篇结构特征的识别与解读,语篇结构类型： 总-分-总；总-分；分-总；平行并列结构 记叙：先叙后议；顺叙；倒叙 议论：立论-论证-结论 提出概念-解释、拓展概念-总结 （引入）-问题-对策-（评价） 问题-假设-研究过程-结果分析-结论，等 语段句子类型：（功能与位置） 标题、小标题、主题句、引入句、过渡句、拓展句、总结句（段首、段中、段末）,对语篇文本特征的识别与解读, 标题 小标题 点列 标注 强调内容（黑体、斜体、大写、下划线等） 特殊标点（破折号等） 图表、照片等,对语篇语言特征的识别与解读, 一般语法特征：主谓一致、指代一致 典型语言特征举例：说理性记叙文 记叙文中一连串事件之间往往存在多种关系： 发生时间的先后关系 整个过程的发展变化不同阶段 事件之间的因果关系 先叙事后概括（例-理；先摆观点后举例,对语篇逻辑与内容（连贯与衔接）的识别与解读, 句子内部及句子间的逻辑关系（及衔接标记） 并列与递进、原因与结果、转折与让步、 例证与释义、结论与概括、承接与过渡 语段内部内容的连贯（及手段）：内容一致 话题词汇紧密相关 主语或主题词的重现 （重复、同义词、反义词、上下义词、指代）,五、怎样备考？（1）,教师首先要充实、巩固自己的语篇知识，然后帮助学生分析语篇，如词汇的提示、篇章结构、上下文逻辑关系等； 给学生筛选补充适合高中阶段的语篇知识，有计划、有条理地在把语篇知识纳入阅读教学中，渗透语篇知识； 在教学中培养学生的语篇能力及思维能力。有些段落并不是一成不变的，或者没有明显的主题句、支撑句，但是它会通过其他方式来表明段内的逻辑关系，或词汇、或意义、或逻辑关系，总是能在上下文中找到依据。 摈