华中科技大学《项目管理》第二章.ppt

2019/7/16,1,Chapter 2: The Project Management Context and Processes,2019/7/16,2,Objectives,Understand the systems view of project management Explain the four general phases in the project life cycle Explain the differences among functional, matrix, and project organizational structures Explain why top management commitment to project management is critical for a projects success List important skills and attributes of a good project manager Briefly describe the five process groups of project management See how the project process groups relate to project management knowledge areas,2019/7/16,3,Chapter Outline,A Systems View of Project Management Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle Product Life Cycles The Importance of Project Phases and Management Reviews Understanding Organizations Organizational Structures Stakeholder Management Top Management Commitment Suggested Skills for a Project Manager Project Management Process Groups,2019/7/16,4,2.1 A Systems View of Project Management,2019/7/16,5,Projects Cannot Be Run In Isolation,Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment Project managers need to take a holistic or systems view of a project and understand how it is situated within the larger organization In the 1950s, A systems approach applied to management and problem solving,2019/7/16,6,A Systems View of Project Management,Three parts include: Systems philosophy: View things as systems, interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose Systems analysis: Use a problem-solving approach Systems management: Address business, technological, and organizational issues before making changes to systems,Example:Three Gorges Project,2019/7/16,7,2.2 Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle,2019/7/16,8,Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle,A project life cycle is a collection of project phases Project phases vary by project or industry, but some general phases include concept development implementation Close-out,2019/7/16,9,Phases of the Project Life Cycle,2019/7/16,10,The typical activities in every Phases of the Project Life Cycle,2019/7/16,11,Product Life Cycles,Products also have life cycles The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems Typical SDLC phases include planning, analysis，design，implementation，and support,2019/7/16,12,Sample SDLC Models,Waterfall model: has well-defined, linear stages of systems development and support Spiral model: shows that software is developed using an iterative or spiral approach rather than a linear approach Incremental release model: provides for progressive development of operational software Prototyping model: used for developing prototypes to clarify user requirements,2019/7/16,13,Spiral Model of Software Development (Boehm, 1988),2019/7/16,14,Distinguishing Project Life Cycles and Product Life Cycles,The project life cycle applies to all projects, regardless of the products being produced Product life cycle models vary considerably based on the nature of the product Most large IT projects are developed as a series of projects Project management is done in almost all of the product life cycle phases*,*Example:SDLCIT Product life cycle,2019/7/16,15,Example:New Products,A-Pre-project B-Concept and initiate C-Market Survey and R&D D-Design EAcquire facilities to produce,if necessary FTest and commissioning GTurn-over(handover) HManufacturing IMaintenance JExpansion and upgrade KDisposal and divestment,Project life cycle,Product life cycle,Operation life cycle,From A to K,From B to G,From G to J,Project:B,C,D,J,K,2019/7/16,16,The Importance of Project Phases and Management Reviews,A project should successfully pass through each of the project phases in order to continue on to the next Management reviews (also called phase exits or kill points) should occur after each phase to evaluate the projects progress, likely success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals,2019/7/16,17,What Went Right?,“The real improvement that I saw was in our ability toin the words of Thomas Edisonknow when to stop beating a dead horse.Edisons key to success was that he failed fairly often; but as he said, he could recognize a dead horse before it started to smell.as a result he had 14,000 patents and was very successful In IT we ride dead horsesfailing projectsa long time before we give up. But what we are seeing now is that we are able to get off them; able to reduce cost overrun and time overrun. Thats where the major impact came on the success rate.”,Cabanis, Jeannette, “A Major Impact: The Standish Groups Jim Johnson On Project Management and IT Project Success,“ PM Network, PMI, September 1998, p. 7,2019/7/16,18,2.3 Understanding Organizations,2019/7/16,19,1.Organization Structure,3 basic organization structures functional project Matrix Week Matrix Balanced Matrix Strong Matrix,2019/7/16,20,Functional, Project, and Matrix Organizational Structures,program,project,2019/7/16,21,Organization Structure Influences on Projects,PMBOK Guide, 2000,2019/7/16,22,Advantages & Disadvantages of functional Organization,2019/7/16,23,Advantages & Disadvantages of Matrix Organization,2019/7/16,24,Advantages & Disadvantages of project Organization,2019/7/16,25,2.Recognize the Importance of Project Stakeholders,Recall that project stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities Project managers must take time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders Meet stakeholder needs and expectations,2019/7/16,26,2.4 Top Management Commitment,2019/7/16,27,Need for Top Management Commitment,Several studies cite top management commitment as one of the key factors associated with project success Top management can help project managers: secure adequate resources get approval for unique project needs in a timely manner receive cooperation from people throughout the organization and learn how to be better leaders,2019/7/16,28,What Helps Projects Succeed?,the following items help IT projects succeed, in order of importance*: Executive support User involvement Experience project manager Clear business objectives Minimized scope Standard software infrastructure Firm basic requirements Formal methodology Reliable estimates,*Standish Groups report CHAOS 2001: A Recipe for Success,2019/7/16,29,Need for Organizational Commitment to IT,If the organization has a negative attitude toward IT, it will be difficult for an IT project to succeed Having a Chief Information Officer (CIO) at a high level in the organization helps IT projects Assigning non-IT people to IT projects also encourage more commitment,2019/7/16,30,Need for Organizational Standards,Standards and guidelines help project managers be more effective Senior management can encourage the use of standard forms and software for project management the development and use of guidelines for writing project plans or providing status information the creation of a project management office or center of excellence,2019/7/16,31,2.5 Suggested Skills for a Project Manager,2019/7/16,32,Define scope of project Identify stakeholders, decision-makers, and escalation procedures Develop detailed task list (work breakdown structures) Estimate time requirements Develop initial project management flow chart Identify required resources and budget,Evaluate project requirements Identify and evaluate risks Prepare contingency plan Identify interdependencies Identify and track critical milestones Participate in project phase review Secure needed resources Manage the change control process Report project status,Fifteen Project Management Job Functions*,*Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies, “Building a Foundation for Tomorrow: Skills Standards for Information Technology,“Belleview, WA, 1999,2019/7/16,33,Most Significant Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Project Managers,Leadership by example Visionary Technically competent Decisive Good communicator Good motivator Stands up to upper management when necessary Supports team members Encourages new ideas,Sets bad example Not self-assured Lacks technical expertise Poor communicator Poor motivator,Effective Project Managers Ineffective Project Managers,2019/7/16,34,Skills for a Project Manager,Organizational skills: planning, analyzing, goal-setting, Communication skills: listening, persuading Team Building skills: empathy, motivation, esprit de corps Leadership skills: vision (big picture) ,energetic,positive, sets example, delegates Coping skills: flexibility, creativity, patience, persistence Technological skills: experience, project knowledge,2019/7/16,35,2.6 Project Management Process Groups,2019/7/16,36,PM Process Groups,Project management can be viewed as a number of interlinked processes The project management process groups include initiating processes planning processes executing processes controlling processes closing processes,2019/7/16,37,The relations of processes,2019/7/16,38,Overlap of Process Groups in a Phase,2019/7/16,39,Relationships Among Process Groups, Activities, and Knowledge Areas,2019/7/16,40,2019/7/16,41,Discussion,Based on the opening case: Which sphere of the s