chapter12呼吸系统.ppt

Chapter 12,Respiratory System,Activity 1: Choose the ones that air passes through during breathing and arrange them in the right order,alveolar sac diaphragm intercostal muscles trachea nostrils bronchi pleural cavity nasal cavities,laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx visceral pleura parietal pleura mediastinum bronchiole alveolar duct,The right order,nostrils nasal cavities nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx trachea bronchi bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac diaphragm / intercostal muscles / pleural cavity / visceral pleura / parietal pleura / mediastinum,Respiratory function,ventilation,Gas exchange,Airway,Respiratory muscle,Air volume,Effective capillary bed,Airway pressure gradient,Respiratory Function Test,Spirometry肺量测定法,呼吸量测定法 Airway resistance & compliance Diffusion capacity (肺弥散量 ) Exercise respiratory function test,Spirometry Terms,VC (vital capacity) 【P116】 TV (tidal volume) 【P116】 FEV1(1st second forced expiratory volume) 【P116】 ERV (expiratory reserve volume) 【P？】 IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) 【P？】 IC (inspiratory capacity) 【P114】,Static parameters 静态参数,TLC (total lung capacity) 【P116】 RV (residual volume) 【P?】 FRC (functional residual capacity) 【P114】,Diffusion abnormality:,Interstitial lung diseases 【P?】 Pulmonary edema 【P116】 Pulmonary vascular disorders 【P116】,Physical examination of the chest,视诊 inspection,respiratory frequency 1. tachypnea 【P113】 24次/分 2. bradypnea 【P110】 12次/分 respiratory depth,视诊 inspection,breathing movement 1. thoracic respiration （胸式呼吸） diaphragmatic respiration （腹式呼吸） 2. paradoxical breathing （胸腹矛盾呼吸,反常呼吸） 3. dyspnea 【P111】,视诊 inspection,rhythm and range 呼吸节律和幅度 Cheyne-Stokes respiration = tidal breathing 【P110】 潮式呼吸,触诊 palpation,thoracic expansion 胸廓扩张度 vocal fremitus 语音震颤,扣诊 Percussion 【P115】,间接叩诊 mediate percussion 直接叩诊 immediate percussion,听诊 Auscultation 【P113】,Normal breath sound tracheal breath sound vesicular breath sound bronchial breath sound bronchovescicular breath sound,听诊 Auscultation 【P113】,Abnormal breath sound Rale Moist rales ( crackles) 【P113】 Rhonchi =dry rales 【P113】 Crepitus (捻发音) 【P?】 Pleural friction rub (胸膜摩擦音),Commonly Seen Respiratory Symptoms,Cough productive cough (with sputum) non-productive cough (dry cough),Commonly Seen Respiratory Symptoms,Complications of Cough Fatigue Pneumomediastinum纵隔积气【P112】, pneumothorax 【P112】, and subcutaneous emphysema 【P112】 due to high intrathoracic pressure during cough Cough syncope syndrome,Commonly Seen Respiratory Symptoms,Sputum production expectoration 【P113】 Characters: mucoid: produced with many acute or chronic infections purulent: contains WBC pieces and necrotic tissue blood-stained with special odor anaerobic infection rusty：Pneumococcal pneumonia serous： alveolar carcinoma,Commonly Seen Respiratory Symptoms,hemoptysis 【P111】 Blood originating below the level of the larynx that being coughed out from blood-tinged sputum to massive gross blood not hematemesis （ vomited out ）,Commonly Seen Respiratory Symptoms,dyspnea 【P111】 Inspiratory dyspnea Expiratory dyspnea Mixed dyspnea,Cardiac dyspnea,Symptoms of congestive heart failure can cause orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea when elevated-filling pressure is present.,orthopnea【112】,difficulty in breathing in the supine position relieved by sitting up, which reduces the degree of pulmonary congestion by pooling blood in the lower extremities and lowering left ventricular filling pressures, improving the diaphragmatic movement, increasing vital capacity,paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,Symptoms: Awaking short of breath at night Often obtaining relief by sitting up for a period of time In the most advanced cases, the patients become acutely dyspneic, cyanotic and very frequently produce foamy sputum tinged with blood,paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,Signs Moist rales at the both lung bases Tachycardia Wheezing Bronchospasm【P110】,Activity 2: Find their English Equivalent for the following common respiratory conditions,慢性阻塞性肺病 百日咳 胸膜炎 气胸 气管炎 白喉 支气管炎 声带炎 血胸， 胸腔积血 喘鸣,肺气肿，气肿 鼻出血，鼻衄 脓胸 缺氧 喉炎 胸膜积水 血氧不足 胸膜痛 肺出血 肺炎 鼻炎,Activity 2: Find their English Equivalent for the following common respiratory conditions,慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) /chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) 百日咳pertussis /whooping cough 胸膜炎pleurisy 气胸pneumothorax 气管炎tracheitis 白喉diphtheria 支气管炎 bronchitis 声带炎 chorditis 血胸， 胸腔积血hemothorax / hemathorax 喘鸣 stridor,肺气肿，气肿 emphysema 鼻出血，鼻衄 epistaxis 脓胸pyothorax 缺氧anoxia 喉炎laryngitis 胸膜积水hydrothorax 血氧不足hypoxemia 胸膜痛 pleuralgia / pleurodynia 肺出血 pneumorrhagia 肺炎pneumonia 鼻炎rhinitis,Activity 3: Translate