2011年中考复习要点(语法).ppt

2011年中考复习要点（语法）,曲靖市麒麟区第五中学 吴梦雨,2011年中考复习要点（语法） 词类 考查内容：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词 一名词： 可数名词单数变复数的规则： a. 一般的直接加s：,b. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加es。（79年级共19个） eg: bus, box, watch, brush, class, glass, dish, fox, wish, progress, waitress, abacus, congress国会, beach, lunch, match, sandwich, church, bush. 易错：stomach stomachs month months mouth mouths,c. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词复数，变y为i加es。）（79年级共35个） city, family, factory, century, baby, library, party, country, activity, lady, worry, university, strawberry, company, candy, duty, laboratory, gallery, laundry, tragedy, dormitory, charity, hobby, bakery, body,dictionary, spy, history, story, diary, dairy, granny, frisby. 以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s. eg: boy, toy, monkey, key, way, holiday 及以day结尾的所有表周日的名词。 e. 以f, fe结尾的名词复数，将f, fe变为v再加es ：leaf, half, self, wife, knife, wolf, shelf, thief, life.,口诀：树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命亡。 注意：scarf, handkerchief可直接加s，也可改后再加，即：scarf scarfs / scarves, handkerchief handkerchiefs / handkerchieves. f: 以O结尾的除negro, hero, tomato, potato加es外,其余如photo, radio, zoo, piano, kilo, bamboo, kangaroo, video等以 o结尾的均加s。,注意：zero的复数形式两种都可。即：zero zeros / zeroes. 口诀：黑人和英雄，他们喜欢吃西红柿和土豆. 不规则变化： 牢记child, man, woman, tooth, foot, goose, policeman, policewoman, mouse的复数变化形式。,a. 表示国家人民的复数变化： 口诀：中日不变，英法变，其余“s”后面现。 Chinese, Japanese（不变）, Englishman, Frenchman（变）, German, American, Indian, Canadian等加s。 b. 单复数相同： 三种动物：sheep, deer, fish 三个国家：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss,c. 有些名词通常以复数形式出现 shoes, shorts, socks, pants, glasses, clothes, trousers, the Greens, congratulations, thanks for， jeans, goods(商品) d. 学科名词常以单数名词看待 physics, maths, politics, news, e. 名词所有格，理解s 与s Jims room,Teachers Day Childrens Day f. 单复数名词作定语 名词作定语一般用单数形式 eg: shoe shops, air tickets, mountain villages, cabbage leaves, seat numbers, banana trees. 以man, woman构成的复合名词，变复数形式时两部分都要变,二数词 会表示12位数以内的基数词： 012 13-19 以teen 结尾 thirteen nineteen 2090整十数的表达，以ty结尾：twentyninety 几十几twenty two , forty three , 几百几十几two hundred and twenty two,会使用：hundreds of, millions of及several hundreds of, many millions of, hundreds of hundreds of, thousands of thousands of 成千上万的 2特殊序数词：1, 2 , 3, 5, 8, 9, 12 基数词变序数词口诀： 一二三要牢记，八去t，九去e, f代ve，再加th，整十变y为ie, 再加th， 若要遇到几十几，只变后面就可以,易错:hundredhundredth , thousandthousandth 3. the +序数词 4. 分数的表示方法：分子基，分母序，分子1，分母加s 口诀：子基母序，分子大于1，分母加“s”,5钟点、年代的表示方法用基数词，日期的读法用序数词 6含有“半”的表达 五天半 five and a half days five days and a half 7数词加连字号构成的短语结构 一个八岁大的孩子：an eight year old child, a two month holiday.,三代词 1. 人称代词：I, you ,he, she , it, we, you, they. 特征：人称代词有单、复数,两个格,和三个人称。 2. 物主代词：my, your, his ,her, its, our, your, their. 物主代词有形物、名物两种。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作定语，它后面 一定要跟名词，名物相当于名词，其后不再跟名词。,3反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.在句中可用作宾、表、同位语。注意提醒学生反身代词常和for，of, in, by等介词搭配，构成固定短语。 4指示代词：this, these, that, those. 注意：这四个词它们指代的人或物有“两远两近”的特点。 this, that 可指在电话中交谈的双方,5疑问代词：who, whom, what, which, whose. 6. 不定代词：some, any , no, none, few, a few, little, a little, both, either, neither, each, every, all; many, much, one, other, the other, others, the others, half, a lot of 及由-body, -one, -thing 构,成的合成代词somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, anyone, everyone, no one 其中：重点区分（1）few, a few, little, a little 的用法：,可利用坐标记忆few / a few; little / a little,（2）.both, either, neither的用法 （3）.many, much, a lot of, plenty of, a number of的用法：可利用集合帮助记忆。,each, every 和all的用法 other, one the other 的用法 some others 及another的用法 四形容词 1在be, become, seem, turn, go, get, look ,feel, smell, taste, sound, appear, stay, grow 等系动词后使用形容词。在keep后使用形容词 keep busy / healthy / closed / open/quiet/fit,2形容词比较等级的变化 一般的在后面直接加er, est longlongerlongest 以e 字母结尾的加r, st nice, large, able, late, fine, free, wide, safe, huge, white, blue, simple, noble 易错：activemore activemost active,以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加er, est. heavy heavier heaviest easy, early, happy, busy, angry, funny, hungry, scary, curly, windy, cloudy, sunny, rainy, ugly, dirty, dry, lazy, pretty, crazy, lucky, trendy, hunky, lonely, friendly, lively, lovely, merry, fry, healthy，silly, crispy, salty, empty, tiny（79年级共34个） 易错：shy shyer shyest,4在重读闭音节中，需双写再加er, est big, wet, red, hot, thin, fat, sad, glad.等 易错：new newer newest few fewer fewest 5多音节或部分双音节形容词比较级加more, most. interesting, beautiful, important, delicious, popular, exciting, fantastic, dangerous, expensive, relaxing, difficult, outstanding, impossible, outgoing, comfortable, wonderful, excellent等,注意：在下列单、双音节形容词前只能用more, most like（相似的） more like most like real（真的） more real most real tired more tiredmost tired pleased more pleasedmost pleased,6. 不规则变化： good better best many / much more most far farther farthest bad /ill worse worst little less least 口诀：好坏多少病和远,7在下列双音节词前既可用more, most 又可加er, est构成比较级，最高级,8. 在too, very , quite, pretty 后形容词原级 as as 中间用形容词原级 not as / so as中间用形容词原级 9. 在much, even, a little, still, a lot, far, a bit, rather, yet, twice, five times等后可接形容词比较级。注意rather, a little 既可修饰原级，又可修饰比较级,10. one of 最高级, 在in , of, among的句型中用最高级 11. 越来越：比较级and + 比较级 faster and faster； more and more beautiful 12越，越：the + 比较级，the + 比较级 the more, the better,五副词 大多数副词以ly结尾 kindly, warmly, clearly, slowly, usually, really, carefully, wonderfully, quietly, brightly, strongly, quietly, quickly, loudly, frequently, rapidly.等 形容词需改y为i加ly变来的副词 happily, heavily, easily, luckily, angrily, noisily, busily, drily, hungrily等,形容词不去e加ly变来的副词politely, widely, safely, extremely等 形容词需去e加ly变来的副词 truly, terribly, possibly, gently, comfortably等 与形容词同形的副词有： fast, early, late, far, high, tall, straight, hard, enough, slow, long, bright, deep, wide, most, close.等,副词的比较等级，加ly的副词大多在前面加more, most 易错：early earlier earliest badly worse worst 有些副词在加ly之后又可以构成另外的副词。 hard(努力地)hardly（几乎不） near（接近的）nearly（几乎） high（高地）highly（高度地）,most（大多数的）mostly（大部分地）deep（深地）deeply(深深地) close（靠近的）closely(密切地) late(迟、晚)lately(最近) wide(大大地)widely(广泛地),六非谓语动词 动词在句中不作谓语时，就要考虑用动词的非谓语动词即：,这是平时考试最容易出错的地方，不妨归纳让学生记住。 1a. 以下动词后常跟不定式作宾语和宾语补足语 want, agree, decide, plan, learn, hope, fail, choose, manage, demand, determine, prepare, promise, happen, begin, wish, start, allow, ask, tell ,show, teach, invite, encourage, order, stop, pretend, attempt,prefer, love, arrange, refuse, long(盼望), expect, offer, help, forbid, like, permit, warn, force, cause(导致), beg, get, advise, require(要求) b. be + adj + to do sth be sorry / glad / surprised / pleased / angry / happy / sure to do sth c. Its + adj + of / for sb to do sth Its easy / hard / important,/ possible / impossible / interesting / difficult / necessary / boring / relaxing for sb to do sth（描述不定式的特征，性质时常用for） Its good / kind / nice / wise / clever rude / patient / polite / foolish / right / wrong / careful of sb to do sth(描述主语的性质，身份和特征时常用of),d. too to do sth eenough to do sth f. 带疑问词的不定式：how ,when , where, what, which to do sth g. 固定短语后用动词不定式： try ones best to do sth, make a decision to do sth, used to do sth, It takes sb some time to do sth, would like to do,sth, be willing to do sth, be supposed to do sth, in order to do sth, Its time to do sth, have to do sth, would like to do sth, Its ones turn to do sth. 2动词ing形式 a. 在以下动词后接动词ing形式： worth, consider, finish, enjoy, mind, miss, suggest, practice, hate, like, prevent, avoid,imagine, forgive, delay, keep, continue, dislike, risk, stop, pardon, propose（建议）, forbid等 b. go , come, do 与ving构成的词组 go shopping / swimming / skating / hiking / fishing / walking /boating /dating / running /hunting ; do shopping / washing / cooking,c. 动词短语Ving形式作宾语，常接Ving形式作宾语的词组有： be busy doing sth, be afraid of doing sth, be terrified of doing sth , cant help doing sth, cant stand doing sth, feel like doing sth, keep / prevent / stop from doing sth, be used for doing, what / how about doing sth, think about / of doing sth,look forward to doing sth, have difficulty (in) doing sth, have trouble (in) doing sth, have fun (in) doing sth, pay attention to doing sth, end up doing sth, worry about doing sth, be / get used to doing sth, stay up doing sth, thanks for doing sth, succeed (in) doing sth, spend time (in) doing sth, instead of doing sth, concentrate on doing,sth, dream of doing sth, hold on to doing sth, plan on doing sth, make a living (by) doing sth, be interested in doing sth, go on doing sth, put off doing sth, be strict in doing sth, give up doing sth, lead to doing sth, devote to doing sth把献给, insist on doing sth, get down to doing sth 开始做