《情态动词大学语法》PPT课件.ppt

大学英语语法讲解,情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法),must +have +过去分词 （用于肯定句）一定已经. The light is still on. They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room. 注:mustnt have done ,cant (couldnt) +have +过去分词 （用于否定或疑问句）不可能 He cannot have been to that town for I saw him just now.,should/ought to +have+过去分词 本应该做(却没有做). As his best friend, you should/ought to have helped him. (but in fact, you didnt.),shouldnt /ought not to +have +过去分词 本不应该做(却做了). You shouldnt have parked your car here, for its a public place.,neednt +have +过去分词 本不必做 You neednt have waited for me. I told you yesterday I would overwork.,with,with + done With the homework finished, the boy went out. with + doing With the old man leading the way, we finally find the house.,with + prep With the light on, all the students went out of the classroom.,虚拟语气的用法,概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示,虚拟语气用于条件状语从句,(1) 与过去事实相反 Ifhad +done, would (should, could, might) +have +done If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.,与现在事实相反 If + did (bewere)，would (should, could, might) + do If he had time, he would attend the meeting. If I were you, I should study English.,与将来事实相反 If + did (bewere) / were to / should+ do,would (should, could, might) + do If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.,虚拟语气用于宾语从句 在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should) + do。 如: advise, suggest, propose, request, require, insist, demand, order, command, desire We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that the meeting (should) be cancelled.,注意：suggest 作“暗示，表明”解时，insist 作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。 Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. Her sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health.,虚拟语气用于主语从句 It is necessary (important, natural, strange, essential, etc.) that sb (should) +动词原形 This is a very difficult operation. It is essential that you be prepared for emergency.,It is be suggested (desired, ordered, proposed, advised, etc.) that sb (should) + do,虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用 (should ) +动词原形 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.,it is (high) time sb + did It is (high) time we left.,虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中(要是就好了) If only I had taken his advice.,account for: 解释某事物的原因 Please account for your rude behavior. bring up:抚养 She was brought up by her aunt. get through:(设法)完成;(使)通过 There is a lot of work to get through. She got all her pupils through the test.,try to do:设法做某事 We try to finish the work on time. endeavor (fml.) to do:设法做某事 We endeavor to finish the work on time. succeed (in) doing 成功做某事 We succeed in finishing the work on time.,as a result:结果 As a result, two people were killed in the accident. by the way:顺便 By the way, please give it to Mary. on the contrary:与此相反 It doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think its rather beautiful.,pick out:挑出 He picked out the ripe peach. make out:辨认 Can you make out what that sign says? give off:发出(蒸汽,光等) The food gave off a bad smell.,separate:分开 separatefrom compare:比较 compareto/with contrast: contrast (to/with) 对比，相比,come up with:提出 He came up a new idea for increasing sales. catch up with:赶上 After a term, she caught up with the other students in her class. keep up with:跟上 We should keep up with the pace of the modern society.,定语从句,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词when, where, why等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。,who（代替人）: I know the man who/that is standing under the tree over there. whom: The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. Who stands near the river is our school.,whose（可代替人和物） Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? I live in a room whose windows face south. which（代替物） The building which stands near the river is our school.,that(可代替人和物) The letter (that ) I received was from my father. 注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that” 1. 先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything All that (what) we have to do is to practise every day.,2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. 3.先行词被all, any every, few, little, no, some等修饰。 I have read all the books (that ) you gave me.,when I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. where This is the place where we lived for 5 years. why I know the reason why he came late.,限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。 I have two sisters, who are both students. 关系代词which ，as可指代前面整句话的内容。 As we all know, he studies very hard. P184第49题,倒装句,英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。,全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。,以 out, in, up, down, away, here, there,等副词开头的句子里。 Here comes the bus.,部分倒装： 把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly, not , nowhere, seldom, not only, scarcely, never, little, at no time, in no circumstance. I shall never do this again. Never shall I do this again. 如：P184第52、53题、P206 第48题、P230 第47题,relieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等) relate: relateto/with把和联系起来 retain:保持；保留,ignore:忽视；忽略 neglect:忽视；忽略 refuse:拒绝,as for (sb./ sth.):至于 As for you, you should be ashamed of yourself. besides:除了 Besides me, they all went to the Summer Palace. except:除了 Except me, they all went to the Summer Palace.,sufficient:充足的，充分的 effective:有效的 efficient:有能力的，有效率的 respective:各自的，分别的,progress:进步，进展 proceed:继续前进，继续下去 promote:推销 propose:建议，计划,分词做状语,分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。 1. 现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。,主 动 被 动 一般式 doing being + done 完成式 having +done having +been +done,Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) Having been examined by the doctor, the patient went home.,注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。 Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. P195 第46、47题、P219 第53题、P231 第52题,过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. He lay half dead, with all his fibs broken. P172 第49题,represent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈述 present:将某物赠予或交给某人 supply:供应 supply sb. with sth. Supply sth. to sb.,explode:爆炸 expand:扩大 expose:暴露 exposeto将暴露于 explore:开发,spread:展开 display:展示，陈列 locate:位于，坐落于 be located in,instance:事例 character:性格；人物 item:条款，项目 detail:细节,look out:小心；向外看 look after:照顾 look into:调查 look on:旁观,occasion:时刻，场合 situation:状况，处境 in a situation condition:条件 under/incondition environment:环境,I could do nothing but accept it. I could say nothing but to accept it.,except that:除了 She remembered nothing about her except that her hair is black. except for:除了 It is a good article except for some spelling mistakes. but for:要不是 But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.,It is . before It is .since It is five years since we left school.,contain:包含，包括 The story contains 3 parts. secure:保护，使某物安全 The law can secure the civil rights the old people. reserve:保留 These seats are reserved for the special guests. maintain:保持,sufficiently:充足地 approximately:大概地 considerably:很，相当地 properly:正确地,come across:碰巧遇到 come up:长出地面 The grass are just beginning to come up. come to:到达；等于某数 The bill comes to $30. When we came to the room, no one were in it.,come over:从一地来到另一地 Why dont you come over to England for a holiday?,impression:印象 His speech made a strong impression on us. reaction:反应 comment:评论 Do you have any comment on this matter?,other:另外的 Some people are singing, and other people are dancing.,benefit:使(某人)受好处 The policy will benefit all the people. affect:影响 Smoking will affect you health. guide:指导，引导 He guided me to my seat. effect:使发生，引起 effect a change,in relation to:与有关 This matter is in relation to many people. in contrast to:与对比 Her white hair is in sharp contrast to her dark skin. in excess of:过度 He was in excess of alcohol. in favor of:支持,at heart:内心里;基本上 Im a country girl at heart. in person:亲身，亲自 You must come here in person. on purpose:故意的 He did that on purpose. by nature:天生的,祈使句, and. If ,. If we had had five minutes earlier, we could have caught the last train.,cant help but do禁不住做某事 cant help doing禁不住做某事 We cant help laughing.,There is no point (in) doing