英专2011冲刺--写作.ppt

,英专写作冲刺,议论文：辩论型题目和解释型题目,辩论型： 题目给出两种针锋相对的观点，要求考生进行讨论，并在讨论的基础上给出自己的观点（即“双方讨论”型）； 题目要求考生对某种观点发表看法，表示同意或反驳（即“同意与否”型）； 题目要求考生对某种事物所带来的利与弊进行分析（即“利弊分析”型）。,解释型： 提供一个社会现象或问题，要求考生分析其产生的原因，并给出解决方案：或者要求考生分析该现象可能导致的结果。,作文考我们什么能力呢？,四种能力 1. 解决问题的能力 2. 证明自己观点的能力 3. 对比的能力 4. 反驳的能力,解决问题的能力,站位要高而全，例如：如何制止假文凭 单位用人要看文凭更要看能力 大学对文凭的严格把关 政府对造假的打击力度要加强,又如： 学生如何加强防盗意识,In order to minimize possible losses, the students must stay on guard in the first place, as awareness of the thefts around often makes a big difference. To be more specific, the students should not hide any tempting amount of cash in the dorm. Put it in the bank instead. Besides, do not leave any valuable items unattended. Take them wherever you go. In addition, its advisable to develop a neighborhood watch program with other students in the dorm and neighboring dorms.,证明自己观点的能力（分析能力）,要提出三个不同角度的分论点 例如：谈论老师在教学中的优势 不同的角度： 1. 监督作用 2. 弹性 3. 情感 同一个角度： 1. 弹性 2. 针对性 3. 个性化教学,Aid Education in China 支教的意义,Aid-education has been beneficial in two aspects. On the one hand, college volunteers are really devoted to the cause. They have opened the eyes of students in underdeveloped regions to the outside world by bringing them new knowledge and thoughts. As a result, they are extremely well-received by the children there. On the other hand, college students have received a rigorous training by adapting to the harsh living conditions. They are enjoying the appreciation and no-distance friendship from the children. Whats more, they are greatly inspired by the moving and tireless spirit of the children.,又如：Should College Students Live on Campus 第三段：我的看法,As for me, Im a faithful supporter of the former group because I, living on campus myself, have witnessed and enjoyed all the convenience and happiness of doing so. To me, living on campus undoubtedly adds an important element to the complete college experience.,对比的能力（然后作出选择）,不要急于作出选择，因为双方都比较片面, 先比较再选择 Which is more important, book knowledge or experience? 从书中获取知识的优点和缺点： 优点：题材、范围更多；更有深度；更加系统。 缺点：有时过于教条；也不见得完全正确。,从经验中获取的知识 优点：获取简单、明了；更加实用；有些知识是无法从书本获得的。 缺点：不系统、很大的随意性；很容易产生片面理解。,结论（你的看法）：片面或综合看,片面性的：首先进行比较，然后说书是最重要的来源 （1）读书能够节省很多时间 （2）书是有系统性的，能够让人以很科学的方式迅速获得知识 （3）读书相对比较便宜和容易，而在寻找经验则比较昂贵和困难,综合性：不一定是A比B好，或B比A好，而是要看什么情况，比如说，实践类的学习就要靠经验而知识类的学习要靠书本。另外点明大多数的知识是书本和经验相结合的。,又如：Eating at home or out?,先想一想： 外吃（餐馆或快餐）的优缺点： 方便、快捷和多种口味；但是昂贵、卫生得不到保障，暴饮暴食易发胖。 在家吃的优缺点： 干净、合自己口味、节约、与家人朋友一起准备食物很开心；花时间，可能做的不如餐馆的好吃。,自然地得出结论：,在不同的情况下会有不同的选择。周末休息应该在家里和家人一块吃饭。与老朋友久别重逢应该找一家安静的饭店，好好叙叙旧。,也可以是一边倒的写法：,选择的结果是在饭馆吃饭 （比较时是在脑袋里进行的） 理由是 （1）节省时间，自己做饭很麻烦 （2）能够品尝各种各样的美食 （3）能够促进和朋友的感情,或者：选择在家吃,第一段提出自己选择后的立场 After a hard day or work or study, many people feel like cooking for themselves is too much trouble. They prefer to have a quick bite at the restaurant and go home to have a rest. But for me cooking at home is worth the time and trouble because it is cheaper, healthier and more enjoyable. 第二段就cheaper, healthier and enjoyable 进行展开。 最后段，重申快乐之情。,比较后进行选择的文章很多,Learning about life: by listening the advice to the others or through personal experience? 听家里人和朋友的建议可以学到更多的人生哲理 （1）家里人和朋友更加有经验，因为很多事情都经历过（2）家里人和朋友和自己关系好，不会欺骗自己，他们的意见都是真实的 （3）有些事情必须要从家里人和朋友中获得，自己是无法体验的。,Spend more time alone or with friends?,选择和朋友在一起 （1）能够获得更多的信息 （2）能够享受更多的快乐 （3）能够学习他们的思维方式 (4) 能够学会与人相处 选择和一组人学习 （1）能够迅速了解自己不明白的地方 （2）学习别人的思维方式 （3）在学习中体会团队精神,反驳能力,题目： 一些人认为父母应该给孩子读故事或者讲故事，而其他人则认为父母不应该做这些，因为小孩可以自己读书，看电视或者看电影。讨论双边观点并且给出你的意见。 方法：把对方踩下，把自己拔高。,选择结果：驳斥第二个观点，支持第一个观点。,第一段内容： 通过现象引出主题：由于现代生活节奏的加快，现在家长有越来越少的时间来陪伴小孩。因此有些家长不再像以前的父母一样给小孩读故事或者讲故事，而是让他们自己看书、电视和电影。 摆出自己观点：我认为这种做法会对小孩的身心成长带来一些负面影响。,如何反驳：是第二段的内容（body1),1.交代反方观点：有人认为小孩可以通过阅读书籍或者看电视电影来自行获取信息 2.驳斥：但是，这些来源往往是缺乏筛选的，有些书籍的内容可能不适合儿童的理解，而电视和电影中的色情和暴力信息(violent and pornographic materials)更是会影响青少年的身心健康，严重的话会使他们误入歧途(go astray).,如何支持：是第三段的内容（body 2),1.家长可以筛选(select)故事，从小培养儿童的道德观(moral code)，价值观(values或value systems)和其它精神品质例如坚持不懈(persistence)，专注( concentration)，团队精神(team spirit)等等。 2.家长讲故事有利于亲子之间的交流，这对于儿童健康成长是非常有必要的。这能够预防心理问题的产生(prevent psychological problems) ，甚至预防青少年犯罪(juvenile delinquency). 3.家长和孩子之间的互动(interaction)会培养儿童的语言能力(linguistic ability)和人际交往能力(interpersonal skills)，这对于他们将来的发展是有必要的。,最后的结论段：,1.简单回顾：让小孩自己接触媒体会有很多的危害，因此家长给小孩讲故事是有必要的，这对于小孩的将来的发展(future development)是有非常重大的意义的。 2.重申观点：因此我认为家长讲故事不能被小孩自己阅读书籍、看电视和电影所取代。,写作的评分依据,切题、条理、语言和字数。 切题就是看你写的作文是否跑题。 条理是议论的正反清楚， 说明的几个方面清楚， 描述的时间正确。,四个评价标准,一、对内容的评价(各个段落要有针对性，不跑题） 如有的同学认为老师不会被电脑所取代，然后在主体段论述了老师的数个优势，却完全没有提及电脑和网络的存在合理性及优势。这个不是理性的一边倒，而是片面看问题。 辩证，就是你可以站在不同的角度看一个事情，并且能够看到各自的优劣势。,二、论证过程的评价（框架总分总）,议论的正反清楚，逻辑清晰，论证合理 说明的几个方面清楚， 描述的时间正确。 议论文的交流尤其注重逻辑性，即辩论的流畅和信服度。建议这样的同学放弃对词句的过度追求，改用简单的语言，把自己的思想清楚的表达出来,三、四：语言和字数,如何打击网络犯罪？（简单的做法是把主点写出不做别的发挥） However, we shouldnt tolerate these cyber criminals any more. Its high time for us to take effective measures to fight against cyber crimes. First, we should reinforce the cyber laws to punish cyber criminals strictly. Moreover, we should develop high techniques as soon as possible to improve intrusion detection and prevent cyber crimes. Besides, more talented people should be trained and more effective firewalls should be built up so as to make the net immune to all kinds of viruses。,如何解决大学生就业难（这段写得好不好？）,Considering the seriousness of unemployment of college students, I think it is high time that we took effective measures to solve the problem. Above all, college students should realize their own defects and further improve themselves to keep their competitive edge in society. Moreover, colleges or universities should provide more trainings and internship opportunities before the students enter the society. Besides, college students should hold a right attitude towards jobs and set their job expectations at a suitable level. Only through these ways can the college students find a satisfactory job and have a brighter future。,有展开和没展开的区别：细节的增加而不是大点的处理。,选择和朋友在一起 （1）能够获得更多的信息 （2）能够享受更多的快乐 （3）能够学习他们的思维方式 (4) 能够学会与人相处 选择和很多朋友在一起 （1）获得更多的信息。一两个朋友的信息是有限的，而很多朋友带来很多信息 （2）有更大的乐趣。开生日PARTY，请很多朋友，这样家里更热闹 （3）能够学习更多人的思维方式。因为一两个相近朋友的思维比较一样。朋友解决问题的思维能力不同，对以后自己处理不同问题很有帮助。 （4）学会与别人相处。未来我们要和很多不同的人一起工作，很多朋友在一起对于培养团队精神很有帮助。,分析人们产生心理健康问题的原因,The cause of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to another. In todays society, a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure. Others lack communication skills. In addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.,The Attraction of Dangerous Activities,One reason people are attracted to risky activities is that hey crave excitement. The thrill of mountain climbing or bungee jumping can satisfy their need to break out of their routine. Without the excitement of such sports, they may feel bored with their lives. Another reason people like such activities is that these activities often require a certain amount of skill. Learning to drive a racecar or hang-glide may satisfy the desire to excel and give the participant a feeling of accomplishment and personal confidence in his abilities. A final reason that people may choose to engage in risky activities is that they want to stand out from the crowd. By developing a skill that others dont have, they can feel unique.,写作的四大法宝：,一、审题(审什么) 1 体裁 （议论文、说明文、描述文） 2根据不同体裁确定写作方法 例如： How to Be A Good University Student? （1） 做合格大学生的必要性 （2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈） （3） 我打算这样做,审题结果：,第一段为议论体、第二段为说明体、第三段为描述体。 议论文：它的写作特点是要有论点和论据， 而且往往从正反两面来论述。 本段思路： 做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述） 不能做倒合格大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述） 所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）,第二段为说明文,说明文的写作特点： 从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的用途。 就以上面的作文而言，我们从三个方面（德智体）来说明做合格大学生的必要性。 第三段为描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。 再如： Good Health （1） Importance of good health （2） Ways to keep fit （3） My own practice Confidence 自信的重要性，如何能做到自信，我打算这样做。,二、主题句 （如何确定主题句）,How to Be A Good University Student? （1） 做合格大学生的必要性 （2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈） （3） 我打算这样做 保险方法：译出主题句 1. It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句) 2. There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句） 3. What I will do in the future is the following.（描述题的主题句）,More,Good Health （1） Importance of good health （2） Ways to keep fit （3） My own practice 扩展如下： It is very important to have good health. (将名词importance变成形容词important) There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型) My own practices are the following.（采用原词）,三、条理 （如何展开）,第一重要任务：保证不跑题 第二重要任务：条理清楚 对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚。 对于说明文来说，1、2、3条要清楚。 对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。,对论述“重要性/必要性”的两种方法,例如1：展开Good Health 第一段的主题句 （It is very important to have good health.） 正面（With good health, we can.）, 反面(Without good health, we can do nothing. We cant do.) 例如2：一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性 （同一面来阐述） As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.,第二段应当这样写：,主题句（There are four ways to keep fit.） 从几方面说明： Firstly, we should have our breakfast in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon. Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music）,第三段应当这样写：,主题句（My own practices are the following.） 具体情况（主语为第一人称代词I，与第二段呼应） In the morning, I have my breakfast . At noon, I have a nap. And in the afternoon, I always play football. In the evening, I usually listen to the classic music.,四、 字数（写些什么以期达到字数要求）,横向写作 ,要对主题句从横段面去写 例如，健康的重要性 成功的： 只四句就可以了。第一句主题句，第二句从正面论述，第三句从反面论述，第四句为结论句。 失败的： 但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要，”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”，因为波菜含有丰富的铁，铁对人是非常重要的，因为.。这就叫流水账，没有中心。,分析现象的成因，至少要列出两个方面的原因：,例如： 学生选择任课老师时所考虑的因素、住房产权变化的原因、国人喜欢过西方节日的原因，可用列举法。另外，后果或影响类的段落可用同样的方式处理。,又如： The popularity of Western festivals in China may be attributed to several factors. On one hand, with Chinas opening up to the outside world, many people, young people in particular, have been exposed to foreign cultures, an important part of which are holidays and festivals. On the other hand, business people take advantage of the occasion of celebrating western festivals to promote sales of their products to make much more money than usual. A case in point is Christmas shopping every year. There are several factors/reasons for First of all (For one thing)Secondly (For another)Lastly (In addition),提出解决问题的方案，要注意照顾到问题所涉及的方方面面：应该怎么做?,To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.,实战题分析：,看到现象进行分析 Say “Thank You” to Parents. 1. 很多的大学生从未跟父母道过谢 2. 请说明原因 3. 你的建议,1. 很多的大学生从未跟父母道过谢,According to a recent survey involving over 3000 undergraduates, 35% of university students have never said “Thank you” to their parents. Their parents have done all they could to bring them up in the past score of years, but have never been rewarded with gratitude.,2. 请说明原因,The subjects claim such reasons as follows. First and foremost, a quarter of the interviewed students regard it as parents duty to support them spiritually and financially. And it is not necessary to express appreciation to their parents. However, the majority of youngsters are aware of their parents tender love but are not accustomed to saying “Thank you”. Some even find a generation gap between themselves and their parents, thus feeling reluctant to express their affection for their parents.,3. 你的看法（建议 ）,分析原因类的文章的最后一段的看法一般处理成建议，已经不同的看法一般处理成选择型 In my opinion, extending thankfulness to our parents is a way of respecting them and their love. We should express our feelings directly and bravely, but whats more important is, we should do all that we can to reward them.,意见相左的文章（有人说。；利弊分析； 说看法）,Lectures and Discussions 1 一些学生赞成讲座式教学 2 另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学 3 你的看法,增加导入段落,There is a heated debate over the role of lectures and discussions in the classroom. Some people believe that lectures can help students learn more quickly. In contrast, others hold that discussions can stimulate students to learn by themselves.,第一种方法：把已经不同的放在同一段，不必长，主点到即可。,Those who hold the first opinion suggest that students attend more lectures. In their view, by giving lectures teachers help students master the knowledge theyve accumulated over years of study and research. However, others think that in a discussion, the teacher usually guides the students instead of dominating them. They argue that to get involved in a discussion, students have to develop their ability to analyze problems independently.,你的看法,In my opinion, I stand on the side of neither idea. First of all, either method has its disadvantages. Furthermore, each student has his or her preference. Thirdly, lectures ate preferable to discussions in the teaching of science subjects, and on the contrary, discussions are preferable to lectures in studying the humanities. Therefore, we should adopt different teaching methods according to different subjects.,作出选择：一种东西两种不同的意见，请选一种,Only people who earn a lot of money are successful? 的确，成功的表象往往是金钱的多少。但是，我还是 不同意挣了很多钱的人是成功的 （1）钱不代表一切。很多人非常富有，但，是因为他们的成就，人们才认为他成功。 （2）有些人非常贫穷，如有些科学家，但是他们作出了巨大的成就，被认为所纪念，他们虽然没有钱，也一样成功的 （3）有些人虽然挣了很多钱，但是都是非法的，所以他们并不成功。 因此，衡量一个人的成功要看他对社会的贡献而不是有多少钱。,两种东西的对比后，选一种，并阐述原因。,上大学后，住校内还是租房子住？ 经过思考后，选择的结果：住学校里面比较好写 （1）离学校比较近，方便 （2）在学校里面，比较安全 （3）和同学在一起，可以交更多的朋友,09年的作文： Nowadays many students , especially primary school students and middle school students , have home tutors. The purposes of having home tutors are different and peoples attitudes towards home tutoring are different as well. (要抄的，但不计入字数的) 写一篇150个字的文章 Positive or Negative Aspects of Home Tutoring You are supposed to write in three parts : state your point of view support your point of view with one or two reasons bring what you have written into a natural conclusion or summary,My Views on Examinations 1、 大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩 2、 考生可能带来的副作用 3、 我对考试的看法,第一段,In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous.,第二段,To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques. No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations. In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.,第三段,In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?,类似题目：见回家的思考题,Some people like different friends. Others like similar friends. Compare the advantages of these two kinds of friends. Which kind of friend do you prefer. Explain why? Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Tell which one you agree with and explain why.,3. Some people believe that growing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers more advantages than disadvantages. Other people think that being the only child is more advantageous. Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position. Explain which position you support. 4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.,5. Some people like to communicate by telephone, Other people like to communicate by letter. Which do you prefer to communicate-by phone or by letter? Use specific and details to explain your answer. 6. When people succeed, it is because of hard work luck has nothing to do with success, Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position. 不同意，实际上运气在人成功的过程中也很重要 （1）先肯定努力是成功不可或缺的一部分。 （2）在找工作的过程中，同样优秀的人在申请工作的时候不一定就都会被接受，而两个人的人生道路就非常不同。或者从申请签证的角度来说也可以。 （3）别人帮助可以根本不费努力而成功,应用文写作测试点：格式和内容,主体段落的操作的特点：1,1. 书信按照指令边想边写。 2. 主体第一段一句话，开门见山，提出写信的目的，表明信的性质：是投诉信还是申请信还是请求信？我为什么要写这封信？,3. 开头句常用的句式包括： I am writing to complain about I am writing to thank for /express my gratitude for I am writing to ask for I am writing to apply for 回信的开头句： Thank you for your letter of (date) We have received your letter of (date) asking if . 4. 结尾句常用句式包括： 1) Looking forward to your early reply 2) Hoping to hear from you soon 3) I hope to hear from you very soon。 4) We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.,主体段落的操作的特点：2,对所给的内容是否发挥？ 第一种情况：不发挥（因为内容已经很具体了） 第二种情况：要发挥（因为内容不够具体）,不发挥：,You are the manager of a Chinese company, Wang Lin. You will go to Beijing for 2 days meeting. Write a memo of 60 words to Dr. Martin. Telling him you are sorry about the appointment. Saying you will rearrange to talk to Dr. Martin personally. Hoping both of you will settle the problem satisfactorily. Dr. Martin, I have to be away to Beijing for 2 days meeting. I am sorry about the appointment with you. I assure you I will rearrange another appointment and talk to you personally when I come back. I hope we can settle the problem satisfactorily. Yours sincerely, Wang Lin manager,要发挥：,Suppose you were Li Ming. You want to apply for a job as a personal secretary to the General Manager of a trading company. Wri