认知心理学课件13：语言-言语.ppt

语言言语,语言学 语音学 句法学 语义学 语用学 语言的理解和生成 言语知觉 言语生成错误 句子理解 语段理解 故事语法 交谈 语言与认知 模块假设 沃尔夫假设 神经心理学发现,语言学,语音学 句法学 语义学 异常：咖啡会记笔记 自我矛盾：这只狗不是动物 歧义性：这是包袱 同义反复：你年龄不够你还太小 继承性：张三是李四的舅舅：张三是男性 语用学 陈述、祈使、承诺、表现、宣示等,言语知觉,言语是连续的,言语知觉,语音受上下文的影响,言语知觉,语音知觉有一定的概括性：分类。 Lisker and Abramson (1970) 的VOT研究 当VOT0.03秒时：pa 同一区间内难以辨别 不同区间完全辨别 完全忽略无意义特征？,言语知觉,Massaro and Cohen (1983) 的研究：视觉线索优于听觉线索。 语音识别,言语知觉,Warren (1970) 等人的研究 It was found that the *eel was on the axle. It was found that the *eel was on the shoe. It was found that the *eel was on the orange. It was found that the *eel was on the table. wheel, heel, peel, meal,言语知觉,Marslen-Wilson and Welsh (1978) 的研究： cigaresh cigarette Still, he wanted to smoke a _,言语生成错误,Gerrett (1990) 例句： Sue keeps food in her vesk. Substitution of “v“ for “d“ Keep your cotton-pickin hands off my weet speas. Shift of “s“ got a lot of pons and pats to wash. Exchange of sounds Well sit around the song and sing fires. Exchange of words and morphemes 意义型错误和形状型错误几乎不同时出现,句子理解,Jarvella (1971) 的研究： With this possibility, Taylor left the capital. After he had returned to Manhattan, he explained the offer to his wife. (54%) Taylor did not reach a decision until after he had returned to Manhattan. He explained the offer to his wife. (20%) 储存的是句子的意义表征而不是句子本身,歧义处理,理解句子时几乎不会意识到歧义现象，除了garden path sentences (Garrette, 1990) Fatty weighed 350 pounds of grapes. The cotton shirts are made from comes from Arizona. The horse raced past the barn fell.,歧义处理,Swinney (1979) 的研究 Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several roaches, spiders, and other (bugs/insects)* in the corner of his room. 同时进行的视觉词汇决策任务：spy, ant 都得到启动（延迟3个音节以内）， 仅ant得到启动 （延迟4个音节或以上）。4个音节的时间在750-1000ms之间。,语段理解,Just and Carpenter (1987) 利用眼动仪的研究： 注视时间（250ms）和跳跃时间（10-20ms） immediacy assumption 与 eye-mind hypothesis 影响因素：词的长度、词频、异常情况，实词注视时间长。 Kintsch and Keenan (1973) 发现句子中的命题复杂性越高，阅读时间越长。,语段理解,Haviland and Clark (1974) 的 given-new 策略 antecedent 和 bridging inferences We got some beer out of the car. The beer was warm. We checked the picnic supplies. The beer was warm.,语段理解,Bransford and Johnson 的模糊故事,故事语法,故事语法如同图式、脚本,故事语法,交谈,Gricean maxims of cooperative conversation (Grice, 1975). Maxims of quantity. Make your contribution as informative as required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Maxims of quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you have no evidence. Maxim of relation. Be relevant. Maxims of manner. Be clear. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly.,maxims,“Do you have a watch?“ “Yes, I do.“ “How was class today?“ “Utterly fascinating!“ TOM (looking around): Hey, Joe, have you seen my sweater? JOE (looking at Tom, and smiling): Lo, a flaming squirrel!,语言与认知模块假设,Jerry Fodor (1983, 1985) 认为语言是一个独立的模块： 有自己的输入内容； 信息封装，与其他信息无关； 因而是特殊而独立的认知过程。 证据：Swinney (1979) 的研究,沃尔夫假设语言相对论,母语影响到对于世界的认识 颜色单词与颜色辨别能力无关 不同语言颜色词的数量及其层次特征统一性,颜色词语,神经心理学发现,神经心理学发现,Broca 区和 Wernick