科技英语语法特点.ppt

第一讲 科技英语语法特点,非人成被动语态 时态,科技英语为什么一般使用被动语态?,非人称科技陈述句中的被动语态,1 被动语态意义更清楚 Since scientists are more interested in action and facts than the actors , many references to people are unnecessary and confusing.,Look at this sentence: “People heat the gas carefully.” Who are these people? The writer? The writer and his readers? All educated people? Everybody? All these confusing questions can be avoided by using the passive: “The gas is carefully heated.”,句子的主语非常重要。被动语态总是将主语放在句首，读者可以立即注意到关键信息。,2.被动语态可使科技人员在句子一开头就引出最重要的信息,Electrons closer to the nucleus are held more tightly than those in the outer orbits. 靠近原子核的电子比外层轨道上的电子结合得紧,比较下面的句子: People use mathematics in many different fields. Mathematics is used in many different fields.,3.被动句通常要比主动句简短且精炼,1.叙述规则或一般原理 The pressure that makes electrons flow along wires is called “voltage”. All matter is made up of atoms. c. Many car engines are cooled by water.,被动语态的作用,Measurement of far-field radiation patterns of port TE11 of the TE01-TE11 converter is done when a circular waveguide TE01 mode is feed to the port TE01 and a circular waveguide horn of an opening diameter 40mm is loaded to the port TE11. The radiation patterns of E-plane and H-plane at 30.5GHz are given in Figure 4.,2. Describing Procedures (描述过程),Many pupils in school think of science as a subject containing more facts to be learnt. b. A new antenna is said to be constructed next month.,3.被动不定式（Passive Infinitive ）尤其用来报道新闻和陈述一般事实,a. Before the antenna model is drown, a solution type must be specified. b. Attention must be paid to the function of the machine.,4. 带情态动词( Should ，Must )的被动态尤为常用于书面说明，书面警告，书面通知,英语中被动语态比汉语中使用广泛，特别是在科技英语中。这一点是英汉两种语言之间的重要区别之一。翻译时要正确处理，以保持英汉两种语言各自的特点。 英语被动语态的处理当然不外乎两种方法：一种是仍保留为被动句；另一种是转换成汉语的主动句。,非人称句中被动语态的翻译方法,当特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动者时，英语的被动句才翻译成汉语的被动句。,1)保留被动语态句的译法,The microstrip antenna should be carefully handled 这种微带天线应小心处置。 Junction diodes are commonly used in switching applications. 结二极管常被用作开关。,(1)利用汉语中表达被动意义时使用得最广的“被”,The outside of the converter is made of steel plates. 转炉的外壳由钢板制成。 The screen is metal coated with chemicals that give off light when struck by the beam. 屏幕上涂有化学药品，在受到电子束撞击时即可发光。,(2)译成“由、让、受”,A11 matter is made of atoms. 一切物质都是原子构成的。 Many car engines are cooled by water. 许多汽车发动机都是用水冷却的。 P1astic articles are not damaged by water. 塑料制品不会为水所损坏。,(3)译成“是的”“为所”,All these confusing questions can be avoided by using the passive. 所有这些使人混沼不清的问题都可利用被动语态来加以避免。,(4)译成“加以”,英语被动语态句常常转换成汉语主动句。如果英语被动句的主语(动作承受者)是无生命名词时，更是如此。,2)转换成汉语主动句的译法,When a small voltage V is applied to a diode in the forward direction , there can be a small current to flow the diode. 当一个小的电压V正向加到二极管时，就会有一个小的电流流过。 FM is commonly used for high-fidelity music and speech broadcast at VHF radio frequencies. FM 普遍用于在甚高频波段实现高保真音乐和语音广播。,（1）仍以被动句的主语作为汉语主 动句的主语，后面直接跟相应的主动态动词(主一谓结构）,The converter is tipped on to its side and the charge of molten iron is poured into the top. 把（将）转炉向一侧倾斜后，从炉顶上把铁水倒入炉中。 A blast of air is blown through holes in the base of the converter. 从转炉底部的孔中把空气吹人炉中。,(2)利用汉语中的“把、将、使”等字,(1)科技英语中有很多以“it”作形式主语，以动词被动语态作谓语，以“that-”从句作主语从句的习惯用语。 It is said that. 据说有人说， It is believed that. 人们相信大家相信 It is considered that.人们认为，据估计，假设 The factory is said to be opened next month. 据说这家工厂下月开工。,3)常用译法,The pressure that makes electrons flow along wires is called “voltage“. 使电子沿着导线流动的压力称之为“电压”。 This is called the “blow” 这(个过程)称为“鼓风”。,(2)“A is called B”. A称之为B,The Simple Present Tense The Simple Past Tense and the Present Perfect Tense,B. Tense (时态),一般现在时用于归纳事实，在科技英语中最常用. e.g . Carbon dioxide ( CO2) consists of carbon and oxygen. It is a universal truth. It is true at any place on the earth, at any time ( the past, the present or the future ) and even at any point in outer space.,The Simple Present Tense,a. It is used for regular actions and regular processes.(用来陈述有规律性的动作和有规律的过程) He studies physics six hours a week. b. It is used for general statement.（一般陈述） The earth rotates itself and around the sun.,一般现在时的用法,c. It is used for factual statements and observations(用于陈述事实和真实的观察结果) Put a straw in a glass of drinking water. Suck through the straw. The water goes up into your mouth.,d. It can