货物买卖法lec-6买卖合同效.ppt

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CONCERNING THE PREVIOUS LECTURE,lec-6 Lec-6 教学内容： 2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力 2-4.1 承诺的生效 & 要约的生效 2-4.2 承诺的生效 & 合同的成立 2-4.3 合同的成立 & 合同的效力 2-4.4 订约意图（legal intention）& 达成合意（consent） & 合法目的（legality）辨析 2-4.5 合同的形式 （form）,2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力,上周主要内容回顾：,国际货物买卖合同的成立 要约 & 承诺（概念、构成条件） 理清各个国际货物买卖合同几个的基本关系： -要约的构成， 到 -承诺的构成， 到 -合同的成立， 到 -合同的生效， 到 -合同的履行，到 -合同消灭或争议,2-4.1要约的生效&承诺的生效,1.要约的生效时间、地点和意义 -到达受要约人 （世界法则） -约束要约人和受约人 2.承诺的生效时间、地点和意义 -到达要约人 （CISG和我法，postal rule除外） -合同成立，（非合同生效） 3.要约的生效和承诺的生效的关系 ？,2-4.2 承诺的生效 & 合同的成立,有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题 1. 承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？ 2.如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？ 3. 承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？ 如何理解待生效的合同？,2-4.3 合同的成立 & 合同的效力,合同成立的概念和法律意义 - 在词汇上：formation & validity - 双方合意 ：通过要约和承诺 - 合意法律效果：合意不一定合法,合同生效的概念及其法律意义 - 合法， 产生对当事人的法律拘束力 - 合同成立 + 合同生效的其他条件 即： 2. 订约意图 legal intention； 3. 订约的行为能力 capacity； 4. 意思表示真实 genuine consent； 5. 对价 consideration； 6. 合同形式 form 7. 合同合法 legality,合同生效的其他条件-订约意图 legal intention Presumption 1 (type 1 of objective test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement of domestic or social or volunteering nature do not intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. Presumption 2 (type 2of objective test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement concerning commerce or business intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted.,(Rose & Frank Co. v Crompton & Bros Ltd) a business agreement drawn up between a British company and an American firm . It had all the signs of being legally binding agreement but contained the following clause “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” legal intention involved by the parties ?,“this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” (参考译文：所订立的本协议或备忘录并不是正式文件或法律协议,也不受法院管辖，它只是记载了合同当事人订约的愿望和目的，为此当事人为了荣誉承诺如下),the legal effect of honor clause: Contract containing an “honor clause” is not legally effective . The contract is actually regarded as honorable agreement , which has no any legal binding force upon the parties, although the contract functions to promote both parties to carry it out morally. Therefore, “honor clause ” in contract rebuts the presumption that agreements of a business nature are intended to be binding.,Rebuttal of presumption 2,TEEN RANCH PTY LTD V. BROWY (1955) Facts Brown was a volunteer worker at a non profit Christian youth centre. He received accommodation, food and the use of the camp facilities and was expected to obey camp rules but he received no wages. While working at the camp he was injured and claimed workers compensation. Question: was there a contract of employment that would in return entitle Brown to workers compensation ?,Decision: No， contract existed because both parties had no legal intention as Brown s work was voluntary. In China voluntary contract is not regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature , and thus should not be governed by our contract law.,合同生效的其他条件-合同的合法性（legality） 货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义： 出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和 买受人支付价款的 -（1）.法律目的合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己有； -（2）.商业目的合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动； -（3）.转移标的物和支价行为本身合法，法律允许货物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；,-（4）.买卖标的物合法，即法律允许标的物（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易； - （5）.买卖行为效果合法，即买卖行为所导致的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于制造恐怖工具则非法； -（6）.还有交易主体资格、代理资格、等其他合法性问题。 合同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性,2-4.4 解析与合同效力有关的几个 概念之间的相互关系,合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别： 达成合意 （meeting of minds ：offer & acceptance） 订约意图（legal intention） 合法目的（legality：contractual end）,达成合意 & 订约意图、合法目的,达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意图也可以达成合意（如：honor clause） 达成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：达成抢劫合同）,订约意图 & 合法目的,订约意图: 强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，它解决合意的“入法或不入法”，即法律性和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要承担法律责任问题； 合法目的： 强调当事人的合意“此法或彼法”，即合法与非法问题，它解决合意的是否能够强制执行，以及是否要承担刑事责任的问题,三者基本关系一句话表述 当事人在具有订约意图（legal intention）的前提下或平台上，经要约和承诺即合意（meeting of minds）以及其他法律条件（如：具有订约行为能力、意思表示真实、和对价），通过实现法律目的（legality）来达到其商业目标。 换句话来说： 均具有订立国际货物买卖合同意图（legal intention）当事人A和B ，经合意（meeting of minds）和其他条件，通过合法地转移货物所有权这一法律目的（legality）来达到彼此盈利的商业目标。,辨析合同成立与合同生效的关系和法律价值 两者关系： 合同成立是合同生效的前提和条件；合同生效是合同成立的必然结果。 法律价值： -合同成立：强调私法层面上的契约自由； -合同生效：强调管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和法律约束效果。 问：我们订约目的是追求合同成立还是合同效力？ 对国际贸易实务而言，何者对我们意义较大？,英美法有效合同条件：一句话,英美法合同有效的七大条件可以用一句话概括： 一个具有订约资格的人（capacity），内心想与他人订约（legal intention），他必须把他内心的订约思想通过要约承诺的过程（agreement-as procedure）真实地表达出来（genuine consent），就某种交换事项（consideration）与他人达成一致（agreement as meeting of minds），这样才能以某种合同形式（form）达到建立合同关系的目的（legality）。,the 7-requirements of valid contract manifested in one sentence,A man with contractual capacity （capacity）, who legally intends （legal intention) to make a lawful contract （legality） with other people must express it out genuinely （genuine consent） through offer-acceptance procedure (agreement-as procedure）to reach sort of (form) a agreement（agreement as meeting of minds) on exchange of something valuable （consideration）,the tree of validity birth of contract-from formation to termination,阶段3: 合同完全生效 合同无效或消灭 可撤销合同 阶段2: 合同生效 待生效合同 阶段1: 合同成立,STOP FOR THE TIME BEING,2-4.5 合同的形式 （form）,4.5.1合同的形式与各种类似合同形式 4.5.2要约与承诺的形式与合同成立的关系 4.5.3合同的形式与合同成立的关系 4.5.4合同格式战,4.5.1合同的形式与各种类似合同形式,As the different forms of offer and acceptance the contract forms could be as well as follows: A. oral contract B. written contract C. contract in action D. electronic contract,A. oral form of contract It is formulated through language. - Vis-a-vis negotiation - negotiation through telephone or MSN phoning system,B. written contract a. legal significance of contract in writing form -judicially It provides evidence of the contract; -practically, it provides clearly memorable and understandable obligations ; - certain laws request contract in writing form UCC : the amount of contract for sale of goods over $500 Chinese law: sale of real estate.,b. commercial documents similar to written contract Those similar document include: (1). memo(备忘录); (2). general agreement（原则协议书）; (3). letter of intent (意向书); (4). preliminary agreement (初步协议书).,（1）. memo (备忘录) -a record of negotiation, -non-legal document （2）. general agreement (原则性协议) a legal document but it needs to be further detailed in order to be workable.,（3）. letter of intent (意向书) A document where one party gives a strong indication to the other that he is likely to place a contract with him. Usually it is worded not to create legal obligation， However，in some cases, it may be phrased to include a invitation to commence a preliminary work, In such circumstance, it creates an obligation. Case follows.,Case: letter of intent legally binding,Facts: The defendant asked the claimant to supply certain type of goods, and sent the claimants a letter of intent stating their intention to place an order on their standard terms. The claimant stated that they were unwilling to make contract on such terms, but started to manufacture and eventually completed and delivered all the goods requested by the defendant. The claimant sued for the value of the nodes, but the defendant counter-claimed for damages for the late delivery.,Decision: As the parties had no contract , so there would be no question of damages for late delivery requested by the contract. However, since the claimant had undertaken the work at the request of the defendant and the defendant had accepted the work, the claimants were still entitled to a reasonable remuneration for the rendered services.,（4） preliminary agreement (初步协议) preliminary agreement often occurs where the negotiation takes months or even years, for instance, negotiation for joint venture or technology transfer or investment . It may well happen that the negotiators have entered into a preliminary agreement without being conscious of it.,Furthermore, the parties intention not to create legally binding relation does not produce the same consequences under all legal systems. For example, under French law, the principle of consensualism(协商一致) implies that a contract is concluded when a party demonstrates the existence of a meeting of minds, without any further condition being required. Comment：French law intends to explore the existence of the contract form what the parties are thinking, rather than from what they have expressed out. (the construction of contract) Thus, the oral contract becomes more judicially practical.,This sort of rule of French law applies to any contract including Preliminary agreement and thus lead to the contractual obligation simply because , in the course of discussion, they have expressed an agreement on certain points. So the negotiators need to be externally watchful for situations that create unintended legal obligations The best way to prevent such situation from happening is : discuss,C. contract in action It is also called 事实合同 in Chinese terminology. The type of contract is formulated through actions of both parties ,rather than by language or by writing. E.g. the case of letter of intent above mentioned.,D. electronic contract (电子合同形式) The recent development of e-commerce a. the standard business message that are being developed for both national and international trade. b. standard procedure being introduced between seller, buyer ,trade-related services, customs, etc to support the implementation of the massage.,c. the hardware ,software, and network services required are not restricted to national boundaries and should not need to be altered for communication with parties abroad. d. language independence is built in through the use of UN data elements and international code sets- e.g. Terms of payments and deliveries, harmonized coding system for commodities and services, codes for identifying the parties and location ,etc. e. the reduction of paperwork is required in cross-board trade.,The benefits of e-commerce E-commerce (1). it creates high management by quickening decision-making process and facilitating easy-to use system for management data analysis (2). it provides accuracy, speed and efficiency (3).it raises the organizations international profile and access. (4).it makes the cost more effective Failure to become involved in E-commerce will result in businesses or companies no longer being competitive in the future marketplace.,The web-based or electronic or online business(B2C/B2B) creates a new category of contract. However, on the whole, the website sales activities on the internet are largely unregulated since the law is still in its infancy.,4.5.2要约与承诺形式与合同成立的关系,4.5.3合同的形式与合同成立的关系,在通常情况下，合同具备法定形式后合同成立，但有时合同在形式上的缺陷并不影响合同的成立，我国法律似乎更重视合同履行所产生效果的社会价值，至于合同的形式的重要性则其次。只要合同能够双方认可了合同的履行即便是合同的形式有缺陷，也认定合同成立，除非法律有强制性的合同形式的硬性要求如房屋买卖的书面形式要求。,4.5.4 标准条款与合同格式战,A：Definition of standard terms UNIDROTT principle: standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party. B. rules regarding standard terms a. general rules on formation of contract apply but with the following exceptions （b-d） b. the term contained in the standard terms shall have no effect if the other party could not have reasonably expected;,c. in case of conflict between the standard term and term which is not standard, the latter prevails d. where the contract is concluded containing the standard term used by both parties , the standard terms are in conflict with each other, the terms not in conflict are effective.,C. battle of form Battle of form arises where the parties exchange inconsistent standard forms during the contract negotiation and reach the agreement on the principal terms without deciding whose standard form should prevail.,Resolution: 1. classical last shot approach( usually used for offer/acceptance ) -The party wins the battle if he sends the last insistent form which usually will be regarded as counter-offer; or -the party wins if he is more persistent in insisting his own form. 2. CISG approach,CISG approach Art 19: acceptance with modifications,Discuss: offeror is silent in the face of a modification at the back of purchase order,On June 1 the Seller delivered to the