二语习得选修课的课堂PPT.ppt

What differences are there in the way in which individual learners acquire a second language?,Age Language aptitude Learning styles Motivation Personality sex Social factors:Social class Affective states: Anxiety,general factors,Age,what do you think of bilinggual kindergartens? Can they benefit childrens SLA? Children vs. teenager vs.adults(pronunciation/ rate/grammmar) Critical period hypothesis (pronunciation/ grammar) 1.学习外语的开始年龄并不在很大程度上影响习得的程序，任何年龄开始学习一门外语都有可能获得成功。 2.学习外语的起始年龄较明显地影响习得的速度和效率。在语法、词义和词汇方面，少年比儿童和成年人表现得更为出色（如果学习时间相同） 3.学习时间长短影响习得的成功程度，而学习起始年龄对将达到的精密程度起着决定作用，尤其是语音方面。（束定芳，庄智象） 4.刘润清认为外语学习的最佳开始年龄并非越早越好，而是大约在九岁左右。,Language aptitude,1. phonimic coding-encoding 语音编码解码能力 2.grammar sencitivity 语法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 归纳性语言学习能力 4. memory 联想记忆能力,Language aptitude,1. phonimic coding-encoding 语音编码解码能力 2.grammar sencitivity 语法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 归纳性语言学习能力 4. memory 联想记忆能力,Learning styles,Field dependence/ Field independence origin Reflectivity/ impulsivity 审慎/冲动 Visual/auditory/kinaesthetic/tactile Holistic/analytic .,children vs. Adolescents/adults Males vs. Females Object-oriented jobs vs. People-oriented jobs Urban,technological societies vs. Rural,agrairan societies Rigid social structures vs. Free social structures Group-centred people vs. Individualistic people,Motivation,Intrinsic /extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation derives from interest. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes external rewards or punishements. Intrinsic motivation:long-term success Extrinsic motivation: short-term success,Integrative/instrumental motivation Integrative motivation involves a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other language group. Instrumental motivation concerns the practical value and advantages of learning a new language.,Resultative motivation:result of positive learning experiences. Machiavellian motivation: motivated to learn because of negative attitude towards the target language community. In this case, negative feelings may lead to a desire to manipulate and overcome the people of the target language.,Personality,Introvert / extrovert CALP(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ):formal academic learning BICS(Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills ):language skills needed in social situations -Jim Cummins,sex,verbal fluency. memorizing complex forms. computing compositional rules.,sex,Women outperform men on verbal fluency. Women better at memorizing complex forms. Men better at computing compositional rules.,Social factors:,Social class: middle vs. working class CALP(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ):formal academic learning BICS(Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills ):language skills needed in social situations,Affective states,Secure anxiety,Anxiety,Trait anxiety气质型: a more permanent predisposition to be anxious,perhaps best viewed as an aspect of personality. State anxiety状态型:apprehension that is experienced at a particular moment in time as a response to a definite situation. It is a combination of trait and situation-specific anxiety. Situation-specific anxiety: aroused by a specific type of situation or event such as public speaking, examinations, or class participation.,Foreign Language Anxiety: communication apprehension;fear of negative evaluation; tests,What causes state or situation anxiety?,I was quite frightened when asked questions again. I dont know why; the teacher does not frighten me, but my mind is blocked when Im asked questions. I fear lest I give the wrong answer and will discourage the teacher as well as be the laughing stock of the class maybe. Anyway, I felt really stupid and helpless in class.,Face, Competitiveness,What effects does anxiety have on learning?,Facilitating anxiety:motivate the learners to fight the new learning task, prompting them