chapter6跨文化交际.ppt

跨文化交际学,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Learning objectives :,1.To identify Hofstedes cultural dimensions and cultivate students to be able to understand the various implications of cultural values for international communication 2. To identify how culture affects sensing 3.To identify the process of human perception 4. To identify the distinction between high and low context cultures,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,look at the following pictures:,1. What can you see in these pictures? 2. What kind of ability do you employ to identify these pictures?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Sensing Perceiving High versus Low Context,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,General Introduction Peoples Senses and Their Limitations Effects of Culture on Sensing,1. Sensing,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Sensation is the neurological (神经的) process by which people become aware of their environment. Of human senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the most studied,General Introduction,Human Information,Olfactic (嗅觉的) Stimuli (Smell of exhaust fumes),Visual Stimuli (officer directing traffic),Tactile Stimuli (other pedestrian bumps into you),Taste Stimuli (flavor of bitter),Auditory Stimuli (car horns),Visual Stimuli (color of stoplight),Taste Stimuli (taste of sugar),Auditory Stimuli (officers police whistle),Olfactic Stimuli (perfume of person waiting next to you),Tactile（触觉的）Stimuli (cold breeze across face),The Human Information Receptor,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Peoples Senses and Their Limitations,a. Sight b. Hearing c. Smell d. Taste e. Touch f. Body Movement,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,a. Sight,More information about the external world comes to people through their eyes than through any other senses. However, the mechanism and processes of human sight are far from perfect. It has been estimated that 20% of what is available to be seen is lost or distorted (扭曲) in transit to the human brain.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,b. Hearing,Hearing refers to the ability to detect sounds. Human beings hearing is performed by ears. As with sight, there is a normal loss of fidelity（精确度）estimated at between 22% and 25%.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,c. Smell,The importance and sensitivity of smell vary among different organisms. The average person can differentiate among about 5,000 different smells with their noses. However, it is very unlikely that any two persons will possess the same sensing of the same smell.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,d. Taste,Taste is one of the most common and fundamental senses. The average nonsmoker (using their tongues) has about 10,000 different sensations in relation to the basic sensations of bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. However, sense of taste is only an approximate capacity at best.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,e. Touch Touch may simply be considered as one of five human senses;however, when a person touches something or somebody, this gives rise to various feelings. Thus the term “touch” is actually the combined term for several senses.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Two senses give people information about their own body movements: kinesthesis（运动感觉）and equilibrium（平衡）. Sensation is a neurological process. We are not directly aware of what is in the physical world, but, rather, of our own internal sensations.,f. Body Movement,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Effects of Culture on Sensing,Teachings,During intercultural communication, many of the stimuli（刺激）come from the cultural, microcultural, and environmental context. No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same. The route from stimulus to sensation is in part conditioned by culture.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Stinky tofu (Strong-smelling preserved bean curd) is disfavored by quite a large number of people, however, it is favored greatly by people in the south, esp. in Hunan Province.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,The Process of Perception Effects of Culture on Perceiving Cross-cultural Difference in Sensation and Perception,2. Perceiving,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,The Process of Perception,a. Selection b. Organization c. Interpretation,The process of perception can be divided into three stages: selection, organization, and interpretation.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,a. Selection,The first step is selection. Within their physiological limitations, people are exposed to more stimuli than they could possibly manage.,mastery with nature,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,How many babies can you see in this picture?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,How many horses are there in this picture?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,How many persons can you identify in this picture?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,b. Organization,The second step is organization. Along with selecting stimuli from the environment, people must organize it in some meaningful way.,What are they doing?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,c. Interpretation,The third step is interpretation. This refers to attaching meaning to sense data, and it is synonymous (同义词的) with decoding. The meanings people attach to their perceptions are greatly determined by their cultural background.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Eastern Interpretation of Dragon,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Western Interpretation of Dragon,Effects of Culture on Perceiving,Culture can affect the process of perception when communication takes place. When communicators come from different cultures, however, not only the meanings, but also the mental categories are very different.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Cross-cultural Difference in Sensation and Perception,There are four reasons for which people differ across cultures in their ability to gather incoming information: a. Conditions of the physical environment b. Indirect environmental conditions c. Genetic differences d. Cultural differences in how people interact with their environment,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,listen to the lead-in case High-context Culture and Low-context,3. High versus Low Context,1. Why did the Chinese doctor feel unhappy and distressed? 2. What are the differences in ways of expression between the Chinese doctor and the Canadian doctor? 3. Are the differences in their ways of expression and their communicative conflicts caused, to some extent, by the different cultures in which they were brought up?,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,High-Context Culture (高语境文化) Low-Context Culture (低语境文化) Comparisons Between High-Context Culture and Low-Context Culture,Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high-context culture.,High-Context Culture,Tea Ceremony,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Low-Context Culture,Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context culture.,An American standing on chair in restaurant giving speech at his leaving his hometown,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Comparisons Between High-Context Culture and Low-Context Culture,In low-context cultures, verbal messages are elaborate and highly specific. Logic and reasoning are expressed in verbal messages; in high-cultures, most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person.,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Level of Context,Chapter 6 Cultures Influence on Perception,Case Analysis: Chinese StyleNonverbals,1. What are the differences in com